BIO 202 Digestive Final Exam Review Guide

What is the process of breaking down food by teeth called?

Mastication.

What does saliva do during the digestion process?

Moistens food, initiates starch digestion, and buffers pH.

What are the phases of swallowing?

Oral phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase.

What enzyme starts lipid digestion in the mouth?

Lingual lipase.

What three macromolecules are broken down during chemical digestion?

Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

What activates pepsinogen in the stomach?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Where is Vitamin B12 absorbed?

In the ileum of the small intestine.

What triggers mass movement in the colon?

Gastrocolic reflex.

What is the role of hormones like gastrin?

To increase hydrochloric acid secretion.

What is peristalsis?

Wave-like contractions that move food forward.

Which glands produce saliva?

Salivary glands.

What happens during the cephalic phase of digestion?

The sight/smell of food stimulates gastric secretion.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Stores and concentrates bile.

What does hydrochloric acid do in the digestive system?

Denatures proteins and activates digestive enzymes.

What type of contraction enhances nutrient absorption in the intestines?

Segmentation.

What is the main function of the small intestine?

Digestion and absorption of nutrients.

What is a zymogen?

An inactive enzyme precursor.

What role does the pancreas play in digestion?

Produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon.

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach.

What are the primary organs of the digestive system?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on saliva production?

Produces thicker, protein-rich saliva.

What is the role of the large intestine?

Absorbs water and forms feces.

What are the components found in saliva?

Water, mucus, amylase, lysozyme, bicarbonate, and IgA.

How does the intrinsic factor help with Vitamin B12 absorption?

It binds to Vitamin B12 for receptor-mediated endocytosis.

What is one cause of vomiting?

Irritation or infection.

What substances does bile emulsify?

Fats.

What is the function of lysozyme in saliva?

It has antibacterial properties.

What is the primary function of amylase?

To initiate the digestion of starch.

What stimulates the release of secretin?

Chyme entering the duodenum.

What controls the reflexes of defecation?

Intrinsic reflexes and parasympathetic reflexes.

What type of control does the external anal sphincter provide?

Voluntary control.

What enzyme is primarily responsible for protein digestion in the stomach?

Pepsin.