Anatomy - Special Topics

What are the components of the thoracic cage?

12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilage, and the sternum.

What makes up the floor of the thoracic cage?

diaphragm

What is the location of the sternal angle?

at 2nd rib/costal cartilage or T4-T5

Which of the following is not something the sternal angle marks?

the costochondral junction

The are _____ true ribs and _____ false ribs.

7 (1-7): 5 (8-12 with 11/12 floating)

Normal ratio AP:ML =

1:2

What is the primary function of the thoracic wall?

protects the heart, lungs, and some abdominal organs while providing movement and muscle attachment.

The 1st sternocostal joint is ________ while the 2nd-7th are _________.

cartilaginous; synovial

The sternocostal joints are supported by which ligaments?

sternocostal ligaments

The costochondral joints are bounded by which structure?

periosteum

The costotransverse joints are supported by which ligaments?

costotransverse ligament

The ligaments associated with the costovertebral joint are called:

radiate & intra-articular

Which of the following correctly describes the 1st rib?

Flat, broad, and short with grooves for subclavian vessels and tubercles for anterior and middle scalene 

Which of the following correctly describes the 2nd rib?

thinner, less curved, longer

ribs 2-9 have

2 facets (typical)

Ribs 1, 10-12 have

1 facet (atypical)

All ribs have tubercle for articulation with transverse processes of corresponding vertabrae except?

11-12

Match the bony landmark with the correct general location:

spine of scapula = T3

inferior angle = T7

iliac creat = L4

Which of the following muscles acts primarily on the upper extremity but can assist in respiration?

pectoralis major

Which muscle protracts the scapula but also functions as an accessory inspiratory muscle?

Serratus anterior

Which muscle(s) are often hypertrophied in persons with chronic pulmonary disease also assist with accessory respiration?

scalenes

The internal thoracic artery runs inbetween the:

transverse thoracic

external intercostal

11 pairs: run obliquely medial and inferiorly

internal intercostal

11 pairs, run obliquely lateral and inferiorly

A/C =

external intercostal and internal intercostal interchondral part = elevation. 

B = 

internal intercostal interosseous part = depression

The _______ are located in the intercostal space and they are tucked within _________.

intercostal vein, artery, and nerve; intercostal groove

bucket handle movement invloves

ribs 7-10 extending laterally

pump handle movement involves

ribs 1-6 pushing forward

The endothoracic fascia is firmly attached to which structure?

Thoracic wall

The parietal pleura attaches to ______ and is ________.

endothoracic fascia; highly vascularized

The visceral pleura attaches to _____ and is _______.

lungs; not vascularized

What is the function of the pleural cavity?

serves as space for lung expansion and contains serous fluid to reduce friction

Contraction and descent of the diaphragm in inspiration results in:

increase in thoracic cage volume

inspiration is typically a(n) ______ process and expiration is typically a(n) _______ process.

active; passive

The primary muscles for inspiration are

diaphragm, intercostals, and scalenes 

The accessory muscles for inspiration are:

SCM, serratus anterior, pec maj/min, trapezius, erector spinae

During forced expiration, which muscles raise intra-abdominal pressure to expel air?

abdominals

How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves supply the thoracic wall?

12

The ventral rami of T1–T11 form which nerves?

Intercostal nerves

The ventral ramus of T12 is known as the:

Subcostal nerve

The dorsal rami pass posteriorly to supply

joints, deep back muscles and skin of back in T region

The posterior intercostal arteries arise from which vessel?

the aorta

The anterior intercostal arteries are branches of which artery?

Internal thoracic artery

The diaphragm is innervated by the:

phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

The diaphragm’s central tendon fuses with the:

fibrous pericardium

superior mediastinum

above sternal angle

inferior mediastinum

below sternal angle

The inferior mediatinum is divided into

anterior, middle, and posterior parts.

The ________ lung has 3 lobes divided by a horizontal and oblique fissure and _______ lung has 2 lobes divided by an oblique fissure.

right; left

upper respiratory track:

nose → larynx

lower respiratory track:

trachea → alveoli

What are the two parts of the lower respiratory tract?

tracheobronchial tree and termial repiratory units

Which of the following best describes the tracheobronchial tree?

conducting airways not involved in gas exchange, including the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

What are bonchopulmonary segments?

unit of lung that is structurally separate and functionally independent (supplied by one segmental bronchus, and its own artery, vein and nerve)

parasympathetic stimulation of the lungs results in

bronchoCONSTRICTION and increased mucus secretion.

sympathetic stimulation of the lungs results in

bronchoRELAXATION and decreased mucus secretion.

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

It is a mixed nerve responsible for sensory and motor functions, particularly mastication.

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

V1 (Ophthalmic), V2 (Maxillary), V3 (Mandibular).

Which branch of the trigeminal is the only one to include sensory AND motor?

V3 (Mandibular)

The V3 Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve provides motor to which mastication muscles:

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid.

What is the role of the masseter muscle?

It closes the jaw and elevates the mandible.

Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Mandibular nerve (V3) from the trigeminal nerve.

What is the function of the masseter?

closes jar and elevates mandlible

What is the function of the temporalis?

closes jaw and elevates mandible 

What are the primary actions of the medial pterygoid muscle?

elevates mandible

What are the primary actions of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

Protrudes and depresses the jaw

swings jaw to CONTRA side

How is the facial cranial nerve (CN VII) classified?

It is a mixed nerve with sensory and motor functions.

The sensory part of the of the facial (CN VII) supplies

taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Which nerve of supplies taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue?

glossopharygneal CN IX

What nerve is supplies taste to epiglottis?

vagus nerve (CN X)

The motor part of the of the facial CN VII supples

muscles of facial expression

What are the muscle groups controlled by the facial nerve?

Muscles of facial expression, including the orbicularis oculi and zygomaticus.

What does Bell's palsy affect?

It involves a lesion of the facial cranial nerve, affecting facial muscles.

What lesion of motor neuron if Bell’s Palsy considered?

lower motor neuron lesion

Name two key facial expression muscles.

Orbicularis oris and zygomaticus.

Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

Facial nerve (CN VII).

What are the muscles responsible for mouth movement?

Zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, and risorius.

What is the orientation of muscle fibers in facial expression muscles?

They are oriented perpendicular to the skin, causing wrinkles.

Describe the temporalis muscle's main function.

It closes the jaw and elevates the mandible, being a primary retractor.

What connections does the platysma have?

It stretches from the mandible to the skin and fascia in the neck.

The heart is located in the 

middle mediastinum below the sternal angle

The base of the heart is located near 

the 3rd rib

The apex of the heart is located near 

the 5th rib

The anterior portion of the heart is mostly made up of the

right ventricle and right atrium

The diaphragmatic portion is made up of

the left and right ventricles

The lateral portion is made up of

the left ventricle

1

superior vena cava

2

pulmonary veins

3

inferior vena cava

4

aorta

5

pulmonary arteries

The phrenic travels in close proximity to

the fibrous pericardium

The vagus nerve runs ________ to ___________,

posterior; middle mediastinum

Whhich ligament is the site of continuity between fibrous pericardium of heart and central portion of diaphragm?

pericardiacophrenic ligament

What are the components of the pericardial layers?

fibrous pericardium (outermost)

serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layers)

All the following are true about the fibrous pericardium except?

it is divided into two layers (parietal/visceral)

The parietal is the ______ layer of the serous pericardium and is attached to the ________.

outer; inside of fibrous pericardium

The visceral is the ______ layer of the serous pericardium and is attached to________.

inner; the heart muscles (myocardium)

What are the tissue layers of the heart?

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.