is3 frq prep

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

Industries where animals are raised in small confined spaces and treated for fast growth and high output.

Aquaculture Pros

• Reduces pressure on wild populations

• Reduces bycatch

• Lowers cost of product

• Provides more accurate estimates for MSY

• Reduces loss due to unexpected disasters

Aquaculture Cons

• Increases cultural eutrophication

• More likely to spread disease due to lack of genetic diversity and close quarters

• Less humane

• Increased use of corn, chum, and unnatural feed (such as animal byproduct from livestock)

• Need for more artificial coloring to meet market demands

Growth Hormones

In the United States it is illegal to use these when raising chickens

E-coli Contamination in Beef

• Cows fed a corn-based diet may develop acidosis

  • which acidifies the rumen and blood, promoting the growth of acid-resistant e-coli bacteria.

• After the cow is slaughtered, the beef product may by ground-up and combined with beef from other sources, which causes widespread contamination.

*Cows switched to an all-grass diet show 80% reduction in e-coli have just 5 days.

Corn, Wheat, and Rice

The three most important human staple crops.

Synthetic Fertilizer

The type of fertilizer that Ca(NO₃)₂ would be classified as.

Organic Produce

Must use only organic fertilizer and first generation pesticide, cannot be GMO.

• neem oil (organic pesticide), animal manure (organic pesticide)

• ddt, synthetic fertilizer (inorganic)

The Green Revolution

1. Switch from subsistence agriculture to commercially-profitable monoculture

2. the introduction of GMOs

3. increased use of irrigation techniques, pesticides, and fertilizers?

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

• Strives to use pesticides as a last result

  1. use of biological controls such as natural or introduced predators

  2. pathogens, parasites, pheromones,

  3. physical control factors such as crop rotation, prescribed burns, or removal by hand.

*cultural, physical/mechanical, biological, chemical

Food Deserts

Areas deficient of accessible and nutritious foods.

Protein Deficiency

• Causes the gut to become distended due to excess fluid retained by a protein

• Diagnostic symptom for "the sickness that comes after the younger child is born"

Macronutrients

1. carbohydrates (energy)

2. proteins (structure and formation)

3. lipids (energy storage, immune system, insulation)

Disease and Economics

• In areas of low-socioeconomic populations, access to nutritious food may be price-prohibitive

• forcing people to resort to low-quality foods such as fast food or heavily processed foods, which are affordable and provide sufficient calories, but are not nutritious

• As a result, malnourished people are more likely to develop preventable health risks such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Undernutrition and Demographic Transition

• Hungry populations suffering from undernutrition, or a lack of calories needed for basic survival, are more likely to demonstrate civil unrest in response to famine.

• Pre-industrial and transitional societies, such as those in Africa and the Middle East, are a greater risk for violence due to a lack of food accessibility for their quickly growing populations.

K-selected Species

• tend to live longer lives, giving birth to fewer offspring, caring for them for longer periods of time, and reaching sexual maturity relatively later.

• Advantages: longer parental care increases safety and likelihood of offspring to reach adulthood. K-selected organisms tend to be larger and live longer.

• Disadvantages: tend to be near carrying capacity, so over competition is a risk.

• Examples can include whales, elephants, bears, and humans.

R-selected species

• live shorter lives and give birth to large sets of offspring. Parenting is often limited or completely absent after offspring have emerged. Species reaches sexual maturity earlier.

• Advantages: Opportunistic and able to reproduce quickly in order for genes to withstand disturbances or unstable habitats.

• Disadvantages: Shorter life span, generally smaller body size

• Examples include mice, rabbits, insects, and invertebrates.

Overshoot and Dieback

• The growth rate of a population may "overshoot" and exceed capacity if resources are plentiful and the population is not controlled by predation or diseases.

• After exceeding capacity, there is a decrease or a "dieback" as resources are depleted. Over time, the population typically stabilizes at or near the carrying capacity.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population of a givens species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely.

Reducing Animal Population

• Applying IPM practices such as:

  1. Changes in hunting regulations

  2. hiring licensed archers

  3. using predator scents and rotting deer meat to scare them away

  4. using high frequency sounds, trapping and moving

  5. contraceptive darts

  6. sterilization in captivity

High range of tolerance allows individuals of the same species to have varying physical or chemical tolerances.

TRUE

Birth, death, immigration, and mutation govern changes in population size.

FALSE (emigration, not mutation)

Too much or too little of even one necessary life factor can limit or prevent the growth of a population.

TRUE

The age structure of a population can affect how it rapidly grows or declines in the future.

TRUE

The three habitat dispersion patterns are clumped, uniform, and vertical.

FALSE (random, not vertical).

Survivorship Curve

Graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surviving to each age for a given species or group. 

Age-Structure Pyramid

1. Preindustrial (expanded)

2. Transitioning (triangle)

3. Industrial (column)

4. Post-industrial (inverted triangle)

Urban Areas

1. More and more people around the world are living in urban areas

2. The numbers and sizes of urban areas are increasing

3. Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized, mostly in LDCs.

Women in Preindustrial Countries

1. Poverty, lack of decisions on body

2. lack of education

3. lack of healthcare

4. male-preference

5. traditional/cultural/societal pressures

REPLACEMENT-LEVEL FERTILITY RATE

1.The average number of children that couples in a population must bear to replace themselves.

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

2.The average number of children born to the women in a population during their reproductive years.

EMIGRATION

4.The movement of people out of a geographic area.

FAMILY PLANNING

5.The policy enacted by China, although intrusive, strict, and expensive to enforce, was an example of this.