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collective action problem
A situation in which individuals would all benefit from a certain action but have an incentive to free ride on the efforts of others, leading to suboptimal outcomes
collective action problem - solution
coercion
participating because they have no choice
appeal (emotions, morals)
emotional or psychological satisfaction
entice (private goods)
attract participants by offering private goods in exchange for participation
private access to leaders/decision making
political leadership
coherent messaging, organizational skills and charisma to attract followers
social movements
organized, sustained, and collective efforts
make claims on behalf of members of a group
challenge the power of government authorities or other groups in civil society
social movements - interactions with government
outside actor - pressuring government for specific goals
inside actor - becoming part of government to fight for your policy from the inside
may cause policy goals to become watered down
may lose legitimacy within your original base
Civil society in democracies vs. autocracies
democracies
encourage strong civil society
autocracies
civil society still present
slight control - canât be anti government
must still fit in with the general culture and vibe of the regime
totalitarianism
no civil society
âcivil societyâ completely controlled by the government
democratic transition
liberalizing/weakening of authoritarian regime
democratic consolidation
institutionalization and acceptance of new regime as the legitimate government, ensuring stability and adherence to democratic norms.
democratic backsliding
regime change toward autocracy in which the exercise of political power becomes more arbitrary and repressive. The process typically restricts the space for public contest and political participation in the process of government selection.
causes/types of democratic backsliding
grievance-filled illiberalism
coming into power saying theyâre going to disrupt the system
ie Orban
opportunistic
come into power conventionally
undermine democracy once theyâre in power
say their power is necessary for survival
easier to do when democracy is more influx
entrenched interest revanchism
interest group fighting to get back into power
most common in new/transitioning democracies
examples of democratic backsliding
Hungary/Orban
USA/Trump
civic culture
pluralistic culture based on communication and persuasion
consensus and diversity
permitted change but moderated
emphasizes the importance of civic engagement, tolerance, and shared values among citizens.
modernization theory
economic growth and technological change lead to social and political progress
weakness: china
foreign policy of major powers
WWII - caused democratization, formation of EU
china and russia support autocracies
US/west usually doesnât
too inconsistent to actually be super helpful
neighborhood effect
if your neighbor democratizes, you might as well
if your neighbors are all authoritarian, you might not democratize
weakness: not all neighbors have the same regime type
linkage and leverage
The strategies used by external actors to influence the political outcomes in other countries, often through conditionality and incentives.
political identity definition
form of social identity marking membership of certain groups that share a common struggle for a certain form of power
political identity types
include ethnic, national, religious, and ideological identities that shape individuals' political behavior and affiliations.
primoridialism
identities are innate and largely unchangin
emphasizes kinship bonds:
connection to others formed by blood, marriage, or other family ties
fundamental building blocks of collective political identities
biological instincts create group loyalties
kinship bonds become political groups
collective mobilization occurs when people perceive threat to collective identity
critique:
what is a civilization ?
they lowkey donât exist now
ie muslim world is divided + doesnât speak with one voice
ignores that people can change and choose their identities to an extent
potential to mobilize around an identity is not consistent over time
constructivism
individuals have some choice over their political identities, but the choice is constrained by social context
certain aspects are choices (nationality, presentation, religion), some are not (ethnicity)
may depend on context
Brazilians have a wider definition of âwhiteâ than Americans
may present as one way in one context and a different way in another
identity can be politicized because someone or some group has an interest in an outcome
ie identity politicized for political power
salience
how important is the aspect of identity as a driver of politics
descriptive representation
do the representatives resemble the represented
race, gender, political identity, religion, life experience, etc
substantive representation
requires action
are the representatives engaging in surveying the interest of the represented
symbolic representation
to what extent to representatives stand up for the represented
symbols, attire, parades, etc
formal representation
process by which people come to power
procedures, accountability
benevolent secularism
relationship between religion and the state that encourages cooperation between the two. It's a way to describe how religious and secular actors can work together to preserve democracy
secularism trap
result of tension between religious mobilization and democracy.
Breakdown of democracy by religious and secular elites - demanding their agenda decreases democracy
Breakdown of democracy due to the decision of either religious or secular elites to pursue maximalist demands related to the place of religion in democratic politics
ways to avoid secularism trap
Differentiation of religion and state establishment, religions and the state have cooperation in different issue areas.
Different material support, religious leaders consulted in policy.
Principled distance: equal access to cooperation for all religions and religious exemptions.
gender as a category
men and women possess gender identities as masculine or feminine or in-between.
Helps categorize continuity and change in cultural traits associated with male and female characteristics.
gender as a political process
Why/how gender roles and norms have changed.
Why people involve themselves in politics and how gender involvement in politics changes the political environment
gender gap
In less-developed societies women are more conservative (traditional)
In more-developed societies women are more liberal (modern)
Socioeconomic status impacts gender roles.Â
gender quota
Having a threshold of women in legislative office.
many ways to accomplish
Assigned a certain percentage of women for political office.
Can be official or written into law that all genders have to follow, or voluntary and placed in political parties.
Seats and percentage of women in the legislature, or candidates.
Women are still under men in these spots.