Transcription Diacritics

[ ̥ ]

voiceless/devoicing: vocal folds do not vibrate during the production of a typically voiced consonant

• cognates may sound similar (d/t)

[ ̬ ]

voiced: vocal folds vibrate during the production of a typically voiceless consonant

• cognates may sound similar (d/t)

[ ̃ ]

nasalized: Airflow is inappropriately directed through the nasal cavity during a non-nasal sound

[ ◌͊ ]

denasalized

[ ʰ ]

aspirated: An excessive burst of air following the release of a stop consonant

[ ˭ ]

unaspirated: involves a release burst of air without a delayed puff of friction

[ ̚ ]

no audible release: closure of a word-final stop consonant is held without an audible release phase

[ ̪ ]

dentalized: tongue makes contact with or touches the teeth (dentalized) during production instead of staying on the alveolar ridge

[ ʷ ]

Labialized: Rounding of the lips during the production of an unrounded consonant, most commonly the alveolar approximant /r/

[ʪ] / [ʫ]

lateralized /s/ ; /z/: the center of the tongue lifts or blocks the midline while the sides lower, creating a wet, slushy, or spitty sound

[ɹ̮]

deroticized r

[ ͋ ]

nasal emission: denotes the audible escape of air through the nose during the production of a non-nasal consonant