Topic 1: Urban growth

What is Rio

A NEE located in Brazil

Why is rio important

• UNESCO world heritage site

• Christ the redeemer

What does a lack of proper healthcare mean in rio

There is a higher infant mortality rate and a lower life expectancy

How has the lack of medical care been remedied

New Medical staff which treat up to 20 disease in homes

Why is education poor in rio

Due to a lack of schools and a lack of money which means kids have to work

How have they remedied poor education in rio

A private university in rocinha which also gives grants to poor families

How is the infrastructure poor in rio

• Frequent power cuts and people get electricity illegally so there is a high risk of electrocution and fires

• 12% of rio has no running water so there were problems with sewage

How was the infrastructure in rio remedied

New pipes and new sewage treatment

Why has rio grown

People seek employment so migration here occurs

How much percentage of the economy does rio contribute to

6%

What happened in 2015 in rio

• There was recession which increased unemployment and over 20% in favelas

• This was worse as many were in informal jobs where they are poorly paid and irregular

How have they remedied the recession

• schools of Tommorow improved education in poor and violent areas

• Free childcare for parents who want to return to education

Why is crime a problem in favelas

Crime such as murder and kidnapping happen regularly and gangs control lives in favelas

How has crime been remedied in favelas

Police pacifying unit which takes over crime dominated favelas

How is traffic congestion a problem in rio

• smog occurs due to mist and smoke mixing and that’s hard to remove due to the granite peaks

• The mountains also limits road and tunnels are expensive

• There are many cars due to the high crime rates

How has traffic congestion been remedied

• expansion of metro system

• New toll roads

• One way coastal road during rush hour

Why is waste collection a problem in rio

It’s difficult since favelas are on slopes so when rubbish gets dumped it spreads causing disease and polluting water

How has waste collection been remedied

Power plant which uses rubbish for fuel and powers electricity for 1000 homes

Why is water pollution a problem in rio

• the guanbara bay is polluted by open sewage due to the governments lack of money

• Oil spills

• This both leads to disease spread

How have they remedied water pollution in rio

• 12 new sewage systems

• Fined ships who dumped rubbish

What are favelas

Squatter settlements which are illegal

What is employment like in the favelas

20% unemployed and people make less than £75 a month

Why are the favelas geography a disadvantage

• houses built with basic material on steep slopes

• Rain causes landslides

What is infrastructure like in favelas

• 12% have no running water

• 30% have no electricity

• 50% have no sewage connections

What is the largest favela

Rocinha

What is favela barrio

A scheme that improved 10% of all favelas

What did they do as part of favela barrio

• paved road which allowed rubbish Lorries to access it

• Access to water and better sanitation

• Police pacifying unit which takes

• Better education and skills training for adults

• Cable car system

• Self help scheme

What are the positives and negatives of favela barrio

+ve = quality of life and employment have improved

-ve = infrastructure not maintained and residents lacked skill for repairs, more training needed to improve literacy and employment

What is Liverpool

A port city in north west England which exports goods and is a gateway to the rest of the word

What is liverpools national importance

• contributes largely to manufacturing industry

• 3000 companies employed 50,000 locals

What is Liverpool’s international importance

• European capital of culture

• £358 million to uk economy

National migration of Liverpool

• welsh migrants attracted by developing industry

• Irish migrants due to famine

International migration in Liverpool

• there is Chinatown which has the biggest arch outside mainland china

• Oldest black African community in UK

Why is urban sprawl an issue

It puts pressure on rural urban fringe

• large housing estates on greenfield sites which destroys habitats

• Rural land lost when there is out of town developments

• Commuter settlements in rural urban fringe

What are the problems of commuter settlements in rural urban fringe

• residents may not be able to continue living there

• Businesses can suffer

• Commuters increase pollution and congestion

Why is dereliction an environmental problem

Wealthier people left inner cities and buildings were abandoned e.g. toxeth

Why is waste disposal an environmental problem

Higher population means a higher amount of waste so there is a new waste recycling centre in old swan

Why is building on brownfield and greenfield sites an environmental problems

• higher population means there’s more pressure to build on greenfield sites which destroys habitats Rural

• As a result, many developments used brownfield sites due to Liverpool council

How is urban deprivation a problem

Industrial decline led to inner city being deprived

How is education and employment inequality a problem

• many children leave school without proper education

• Low incomes and high unemployment

How is housing inequality a problem

• regeneration caused this

• Wealthier areas have better access to housing and education

• Gentrification

Why is unhealthy behaviours a problem in Liverpool

It’s common in deprived areas leading to lower life expectancy

What is urban regeneration

Redevelopment of an urban area to improve environment and quality of life

What was a field like pre regeneration

• many houses substandard or derelict

• High unemployment

• Criminal activity

What did the anfield regeneration problem bring

• £260 million project

• £4.5 million environmental scheme to create tree lined pavements and a pedestrian friendly area

• Improvements to Stanley park

What are the socioeconomic benefits of anfield project

• 600 new homes and 300 refurbished derelict homes

• Community centre refurbished

• New high street with existing businesses and it encouraged new businesses to move in

What are the economic oppurtunities in Liverpool

• tourism and services sector offer 160,000 jobs

• Baltic triangle = turning derelict factories into creative places

• Liverpool 2 = allows more shipping container

What are the social opportunities in Liverpool

• Albert dock restored to have many shops and restaurants

• Echo arena built on brownfield sites

• Ethnic diversity brought range of foods and festivals and this attracts others in search for community

What is the integrated transport system

It links the other transport systems together and makes public transport efficient and cheaper which encourages use