Global Health - Midterm 2

neural tube defect (NTD)

spine/backbone is impacted as a fetus

kwashiorkor

low protein diet causes enlarged abdomen

normal weight

BMI of 18.5-24.9

overweight

BMI of 25-29.9

obese

BMI of 30-39.9

extreme obese

BMI of >40

BMI

weight (lbs) / height (in) squared x703

macronutrients

body needs large quantities: fat, protein, carbs (simple and complex), basal metabolic rate + activity (# of calories needed)

micronutrients

body needs smaller quantities: vitamins and mineral

protein energy malnutrition (PEM)

potentiates the effect of disease on child mortality

Food gap

food requirement - actual food consumption

global equity health gap

largest among children, concentrated in communicable diseases

neonatal mortality

(number of dealths of infants under 28 days)/(1000 live births in one year)

infant mortality rate

(number of infants under 1 year old who die before 5 years)/(1000 live births in one year)

Under 5 mortality rate

probability a newborn baby will die before age 5/1000 live births

vital registration system

births of around 95 million children <5 in sub-saharan africa have never been recorded, 120 million <5 do not have a birth certificate

malaria

229 mil cases resulting in 409,000 deaths, 95% of deaths were in 32 countries, malaria vaccine approved by WHO in 2021 has 26-50% efficacy

SDG target for child survival

25 deaths/1000 live births by 2030

adolescent (10-19) focus areas

sexual behavior (decrease), high-risk substance use, experience violence, mental health and suicide (increase)

HIV adolescents

~90% of the worlds HIV positive adolescents are in sub-Saharan Africa

burden of sexual violence

women(20%), men(5-10%)

burden of physical abuse

children(25-50%), elderly

consequences of violence

death, injuries, mental health problems, high-risk behaviors, lead to disease, loss to national economy, further violence

violence prevention

SDGs: 3 - good health and well-being, 5 - gender equality, 16 - peace, justice and strong institutions

communicable disease

infectious: agent (carrier/cause) → host (sickness) → environment (transmission)

direct transmission

blood-borne or sexual, inhalation, food-borne, contaminated water

indirect transmission

vector-borne (bite), fomites (objects/materials infected), zoonotic disease (animal)

established infectious diseases

long known

newly emerging infectious diseases

newly spreading/increasing incidence

re-emerging infections

resurfacing after a period of decline/control

incubation period

time after disease contracted to become symptomatic

reproduction number

number of people on average you infect while sick

infectious disease treatment comparison

vaccine, treatment, cure

control

reduction, continued intervention measures are required

elimination

reduction of incidence to zero in a defined geographical area, continued intervention measures are required

eradication

perminant reduction to zero, worldwide, no longer needs intervention

extinction

infectious agent is no longer in existence

ID mortality

½ billion people have died in ID epidemics in the past 100 years

Covid-19

cases: 674 mil, deaths: 6 mil, vaccinations: 13 bil

malaria

regular in over 100 countries, most prevelent in africa, mosquitos

HIV

prevalence: 39 mil, incidence: 1.3 mil, those dying from HIV-related causes: 630,000

Tuberculosis

communicable airborne bacterial infection, lungs (pulmonary), treatments takes 6 monthes-1 year as it is multi-drug resistant

Neglected tropical diseases

protozoa, viruses, bacteria, helminth, can be treated with drugs

cardiovascular disease (NCD)

leading cause of death globally, can be prevented, hypertension (high blood pressure) + hypotension (low blood pressure) are the leading cause of death worldwide

obesity & diabetes

obesity allows susceptibility to other diseases, diabetes impacts 4 in 5 adults

cancer

socioeconomic status, infectious disease, hormonal imbalance, ionizing radiation, screening, carcinogen (tobacco use), BMI, diabetes, genetics

humanitarian crisis

event(s) that is threatening in health, saftey or well-being of a group of people, internal or external conflict

complex emergency

affects large civilian populations (due to conflict)

disaster

warrant extraordinary response from outside the affected community area (natural disaster)

biologic

epidemic infectious disease, insect infestation, animal stampede

geophysical

earthquake, volcano, mass movement (dry)

hydrologic (climate-related)

flood, mass movement (wet)

meterologic (climate-related)

storm, extreme temperature, drought, wildfire

refugee

forced to migrate involentarily across international boundary and remain outside of their country

internally displaced

relocated within their country

asylum seekers

not yet a refugee, yet outside of the country

famine

undernourishment that results in death by starvation often

Public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)

epidemic alert/rapid response, WHO director has responsibility to declare

principles of humanitarian aid

humanity - human suffering, neutrality - aid to everyone, impartiality - aid without discrimination, independence - not influenced by economy/politics (objective)

maternal mortality

an SDG, education→discrimination→health→differences in health→economy→interventions

Biological determinant of womens health

reproductive biology (cancers associated with these parts), complications in pregnancy and childbirth, nutrition and anemia, infectious diseases (vagina has more surface area to contract infections)

social determinant of womens health

education+literacy, economic dependency, gender norms+inequality, violence+discrimination, access to healthcare, social support and empowerment

maternal mortality ratio (MMR)

(maternal deaths)/(100,000 live births)

maternal mortality rate (MM)

(maternal deaths)/(women of reproductive age)

maternal mortality data

vital registration - gold standard, household surveys - most common, census - every 10 years, verbal autopsy - data collection (interview/questionnaire)

direct meternal/perinatal outcomes

lack of prenatal care+access to contraception, unsafe abortions, malnutrition, infections, NCD’s, age in pregnancy

physiological meternal/perinatal outcomes

labor experiences, placental abnormalities, lack of access to drugs, anemia

indirect meternal/perinatal outcomes

poverty, cultural practices, gender inequality, sociocultural factors, maternal and child health systems across barriers

non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG)

helps with blood loss, reverses shock by increasing blood flow to vital organs