PHYS 130 Final Flashcards

Vocabulary and association flashcards for PHYS 130 final preparation covering fluid mechanics, elasticity, thermodynamics, and simple harmonic motion.

Basic Pressure

The force applied over an area, calculated as $P = \frac{F}{A}$. For an object resting on a surface, the force is typically its weight, $F = mg$.

Hydrostatic (Gauge) Pressure

The pressure at a specific depth below the surface of a fluid, given by $P = \rho gh$.

Absolute Pressure

The total pressure exerted on an object, calculated as $P_{absolute} = P_{atm} + \rho gh$, where $P_{atm} = 1.013 \times 10^5 \text{ Pa}$.

Pascal's Principle

The principle stating that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid, expressed as $\frac{F_1}{A_1} = \frac{F_2}{A_2}$.

Hydraulic System Volume Conservation

In a hydraulic lift, the volume of fluid displaced is constant, leading to the relation $A_1 d_1 = A_2 d_2$.

Archimedes' Principle

The buoyant force ($B$) on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces: $B = \rho_{fluid} g V_{displaced}$.

Fraction Submerged

For a floating object, the ratio of the volume submerged to the total volume is equal to the ratio of the object's density to the fluid's density: $\frac{V_{submerged}}{V_{object}} = \frac{\rho_{object}}{\rho_{fluid}}$.

Apparent Weight

The weight of an object when submerged in a fluid, calculated as its actual weight minus the buoyant force: $W_{apparent} = mg - B$.

Continuity Equation

The principle of mass conservation for fluid flow, stating that the product of cross-sectional area and fluid speed is constant: $A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2$.

Volume Flow Rate

Represented by $Q$, it is the volume of fluid passing a point per unit time: $Q = Av$.

Bernoulli Principle (Qualitative)

As the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases ($v \text{ ↑} \text{ ⇒ } P \text{ ↓}$).

Young's Modulus (Elasticity)

A measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length: $\frac{F}{A} = Y \frac{\text{Δ} L}{L_0}$, where stress is $\frac{F}{A}$ and strain is $\frac{\text{Δ} L}{L_0}$.

Shear Modulus

The ratio of shear stress to shear strain during sideways displacement: $\frac{F}{A} = S \frac{\text{Δ} x}{h}$.

Bulk Modulus

Relates the change in pressure to the fractional change in volume: $\text{Δ} P = -B \frac{\text{Δ} V}{V_0}$. The negative sign indicates that increased pressure decreases volume.

Linear Thermal Expansion

The change in length of a material due to temperature changes: $\text{Δ} L = \text{α} L_0 \text{Δ} T$, where $\text{α}$ is the coefficient of linear expansion.

Volume Thermal Expansion

The change in volume of a material due to temperature changes: $\text{Δ} V = \text{β} V_0 \text{Δ} T$, where $\text{β} = 3\text{α}$.

Temperature Conversions

$T_C = \frac{5}{9}(T_F - 32)$, $T_F = \frac{9}{5} T_C + 32$, and $T_K = T_C + 273.15$.

Calorimetry Rule

In an isolated system, the heat lost by hot objects must equal the heat gained by cold objects: $-Q_{lost} = Q_{gained}$.

Specific Heat Equation

The heat required to change the temperature of a substance without a phase change: $Q = mc \text{Δ} T$.

Latent Heat of Fusion

The energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid (or vice versa) at constant temperature: $Q_F = mL_F$.

Latent Heat of Vaporization

The energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas (or vice versa) at constant temperature: $Q_V = mL_V$.

Thermal Conduction Rate

The rate of heat transfer through a material (Power): $P = \frac{kA \text{Δ} T}{L}$, where $k$ is thermal conductivity and $L$ is thickness.

Thermal Resistance (R)

A measure of a material's opposition to heat flow, defined as $R = \frac{L}{k}$.

Hooke's Law

The restoring force exerted by a spring: $F_s = -kx$.

Maximum Speed (SHM)

The highest speed attained by an oscillating object at the equilibrium position: $v_{max} = A \text{ω}$.

Angular Frequency (ω)

Defined as $\text{ω} = 2\text{π} f = \frac{2\text{π}}{T}$. For a mass-spring system, $\text{ω} = \text{√} \frac{k}{m}$.

Simple Pendulum Period

The time for one full oscillation of a pendulum, independent of mass: $T = 2\text{π} \text{√} \frac{L}{g}$.

Total Energy in SHM

The sum of kinetic and potential energy: $TE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 + \frac{1}{2} kx^2 = \frac{1}{2} kA^2$.