Chapter 16 Cell Structure and Function

Flashcards about cells and their discovery.

Cell

basic fundamental unit of all living things

What organized capture and release energy

Chloroplast and mitochondria

Chloroplast

Plants and algae cells, Capture energy from sunlight and convert into chemical energy stored in food during photosynthesis

What is inside of the chloroplast?

Green pigment chlorophyll

cell theory

All living things are made up of cells

Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things

New cells are made from existing cells

What color can chlorophyll not absorb?

Green

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell: Convert chemical energy stored in food molecules into energy that the cell can better use (eukaryotic Cells)

What parent do you get your mitochondria from?

Mom

Endosymbolic theory

Clorox and mitochondria contain some of their own DNA, Suggesting that both organelles stem from prokaryote cells

Lynn margulis

Creator of the endosymbiotic theory

German Botanist Matthias schleiden

Concluded that all plants are made of cells in 1838

German biologist Theodore Schwann

Stated that all animals are made of cells in 1839

German physicist, Rudolph virchow

Publish the idea that new cells are produced from existing cells dividing

Compound light microscope

light passes through, can only magnify to about 1000

Objective lens: Light microscope

Above the specimen, Enlarges the image

Ocular lens: Light microscope

Magnifies image further

Electron microscopes

Used to look at the smallest of structures, DNA or viruses, Beams of electrons instead of light

transmission electron microscope

Can see Cell structures and Large protein molecules, thin samples, 2-D image

Scanning electron microscope

Pencil like beans, 3-D Images, Does not have to be sliced

False color

Used to make characteristics of images stand out

Micrograph

Microscope image of a cell

Prokaryotes v.s eukaryotes

BOTH: Contain DNA and surrounded by a cell membrane/ Plasma membrane

Prokaryotes Do not keep DNA in the nucleus, while eukaryotes do

Prokaryotes

Small simple cells, No nucleus, They reproduce and respond to the environment (they are living), archaea and bacteria

Eukaryotes

Larger income complex cells, Animal and plant cells, (fungi, animals, protist, and plants)

Two major parts of a eukaryotic cell

Nucleus and cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

In prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Portion of cell outside of the nucleus

What is in pro and euk

Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, and DNA, protein, cell wall, vacuoles/ verticals

The nucleus

Control center of the cell, Has coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules, Assembly of ribosomes start here

Building proteins

Ribosomes —> Endoplasmic reticulum—> Golgi apparatus

Ribosomes

Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm, THEY MAKE PROTEIN

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Internal membrane system, Lipids are made along with protein. (2 types of ER)

Rough ER

When ribosomes are attached (The process of making protein)

Smooth ER

No ribosomes make lipids and detoxify for drugs, makes carbohydrates

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, packages, and ships proteins ( like a UPS)

Nuclear envelope

Surrounds the nucleus and is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores

Nuclear pores

Allow materials to move in and out of the nucleus

Chromatin

Compactly packages DNA Protecting it from any damage

Vacuoles

Store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Center vacuole

Filled with liquid and the pressure Is what allows plants to support leaves and flowers

Contractile vacuole

Pumps out excess water of the cell

Vesicles

Small membrane, enclosed structure, Store and move materials between cell Organelles

Lysosomes

“ Clean-up crew” breakdown, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that the cell can use (remove junk)

Cytoskeleton

What gives eukaryotic cells the shape, Can transport material throughout the cell, Can move the cell

Microfilaments

Principal protein, filament that make up the saddle skeleton, Thread like structures made up of protein , Make tough flexible framework, help cell move

Microtubeles

Hollow structures made up of proteins called turbulence, Cell division

What are the 2 cellular boundaries

Cell wall and cell membrane

cell walls

Support, shape and protect the cell ( NOT in animal cells

Lipid bilayer

Gives cell membrane a flexible but strong structure between cell and its surroundings

Cell membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell (made of lipid bilayers)

Selectively permeable

Only some substances can pass

Parts of a lipid

Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

How do you get a lipid bilayer

Mixed with water and (water hating) tails cluster tg why there (water loving) heads go to water like

Passive transport

membrane transport that doesn’t not require energy

Active transport

Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to a region with high concentration using cell energy

Homeostasis

being able to maintain a somewhat stable internal environment regardless of changes outside

Parts of passive transport

Simple diffusion—> facilitated diffusion —> osmosis

Parts of active tranport

Molecular/Bulk transport, endocytosis(phagocytosis-Pinocytosis), Exocytosis

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration (no energy)

Facilitated diffusion

Proteins acts a carries to Molecules and help them move across membrane quickly without dissolving (no energy)

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

BOTH: passive transport, high to low (water concentration )

Simple doesn’t need help passing molecules while facilitated needs assistance

dissolves in facilitated diffusion

Small uncharged molecules

Aquaporins

Allow water to pass through cell membrane during facilitated diffusion (important bc inside of cell membrane is hydrophobic)

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane (how water goes through the aquaporin)

Equilibrium

stable internal and external environment

Isotonic

equal strength of water and solutes

Hypotonic

Less concentration of solutes (higher conc of water)/ lower strength

Hypertonic

Higher concentration of solutes (lower conc of water) / higher strength

Where do water molecules go in osmosis

hypotonic areas (low water higher solute)

Types of solutes

Salts, sugar, protein

Osmotic pressure

The force produced from the movement of water in and out of a cell

Cells stays the same

Osmotic pressure: isotonic

Cells shrinks

Osmotic pressure: hypertonic

Cell expands until it explodes

Osmotic pressure: hypotonic

2 types of active transport

Molecular and bulk

Molecular transport

The movement of small molecules and ions across membranes by proteins in the membrane

bulk transport

Transportation of large molecules

Endosytosis

Taking material (large molecules, clumps of food and whole cells) in by infolding

Types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

types of bulk transport

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Phagocytosis

Infolding food molecules into a vacuole

Pinocytosis

Cells that take in fluids and pinch off to Form vacuoles

Exocytosis

Get rid of cell waste / takes out Valuable materials the cell has made

Unicellular

Single Celled organism

What organisms are unicellular?

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Multicellular organisms

Don’t live on their own, Work as A team

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a particular function

Organ

Many groups of tissues that work together

Organ system

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Receptor

accepts and response to molecular signs (Chemical signals)

Robert Hooke (1665)

Used an early microscope to look at a nonliving thin slice of cork and called the chambers "cells."

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Used a single-lens microscope to observe pond water and discovered microorganisms.