Unit 5.2 APUSH vocab

Second American Revolution

A term to describe how the Civil War transformed the US socially politically and economically

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of Ameirca (1861-1865)

Alexander H. Stephens

VP of the Confederacy; delivered the “cornerstone speech” defending slavery

Anaconda Plan

Union war strategy to blockade the South, control Mississippi, and make Confederacy surrender

General Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general known for his firm stand at Bull Run; one of the South’s most skilled commanders

George B. McClellan

Cautious Union general; criticized for not aggressively pursuing Confederate forces, ran against Lincoln on his 2nd term

Robert E Lee

Top Confederate General, led the Army of Northern Virginia

Ulysses S Grant

Union general whose aggressve tactics helped win the war; later became US president

Trent Affair

Diplomatic crisis when the Union seized two confederate diplomats from a British Ship; nearly caused War with britain

Cotton Diplomacy

Southern strategy to use cotton exports to gain foreign support (esp Britain); failed

Gettysburg

Major 1863 battle and turning point of the War; Union victory stopped Lee invading the North

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Union General Sherman’s destructive march through Georgia to break Southern morale

Appomattox

Town where Lee surrendered to Grant; ending major fighting

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Lincoln temporarily removed the right to challenge arrest, mainly to control dissent in border states

Habeas Corpus- legal right for criminals to stand before a judge before arrest

Confiscation Acts

Laws allowing the Union to seize Confederate property, including enslaved people used for war efforts

Emancipation Proclamation

Executive order by Lincoln, freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held areas;shifted war aim to ending slavery

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

First major African American military unit in the Union Army; known for bravery at Fort Wagner

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the war and wanted immediate peace with the confederacy

Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

Supreme Court case ruling that civilians cannot be tried by military courts when civil courts are open

NYC draft riots

violent 1863 protests by mostly irish immigrants against the Union draft and racial tensions

Election of 1864

Lincoln won against McClellan — continue war efforts

Gettysburg address

Lincolns speech redefining the civil war as a fight for equality and national unity

Greenbacks

Paper money issued by the Union gov during the War not backed by gold

Morrill Tariff act 1861

Raised tariffs to fund the war and protect northern industry

homestead act

granted 160 acres of western land to settlers who improved ti for 5 years

Morrill land grant act 1862

Provided land for states to establish public colleges focused on agriculture and mechanics

Pacific railway act

Funded construction of the first transcontinental railroad

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln’s successor; democrat from tennessee; clashed w congress over reconstruction

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Lincoln’s plan offering lenient reintegration of southern states if 10% of voters took loyalty oaths

Wade-davis bill

Radical Republican Reconstruction plan requiring 50% of Southern voters to swear loyalty; vetoed by Lincoln.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Federal agency providing education, food, and support for formerly enslaved people and poor whites.

Radical republicans

Congressional faction wanting strict Reconstruction, full rights for Black Americans, and punishment for ex-Confederates.

13th amendment

Abolished slavery nation-wide

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Granted citizenship and equal protection to African Americans; first major civil rights law.

14th amendment

Guranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law

reconstruction acts of 1867

Divided the South into military districts and required states to ratify the 14th Amendment to rejoin Congress.

Tenure of Office Act

Restricted the president’s ability to fire cabinet officials; Johnson’s violation led to his impeachment.

15th amendment

prohibited denying voting rights based on race

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Guaranteed equal access to public accommodations; later struck down by the Supreme Court.

Scalawags

southern whites that supported reconstruction and the republicans

carpetbaggers

northerners who moved south during reconstruction, often viewed as seeking political or economic gain

Grant’s corruption

refers to multiple scandals involving grant’s administration

credit mobilier

whiskey ring

Panic of 1873

severe economic depression that weakened northern interest in enforcing reconstruction