APHG Unit 2

Arithmetic density

The total population of a region divided by its total land area.

Agricultural density

The number of farmers divided by the total amount of arable (farmable) land.

Physiological density

The total population divided by the area of arable (farmable) land.

Arable

Land that is fit for growing crops.

Crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in a society.

Crude death rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a specific population.

Natural increase rate

The percentage at which a population grows or shrinks in a year, calculated by taking the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate and dividing by 10.

Total fertility rate

The average number children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years, typically ages 15 through 49.

Infant mortality rate

The annual number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

Child mortality rate

The annual number of deaths of children between the ages of one and five years old per 1,000 children alive in that age group.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a newborn infant is expected to live, based on current social, economic, and medical conditions.

Replacement fertility

The average number of children born per woman needed to keep a population stable from one generation to the next without depending on immigration.

Zero population growth

A demographic state where a population’s size remains stable because the number of births and incoming migrants equals the number of deaths and outgoing migrants.

Population pyramid

A special bar graph that shows the age and sex breakdown of a specific country or region.

Sex ratio

The number of males for every 100 female in a population.

Demographic transition model

A five-stage framework that explains how a country’s birth rates, death rates, and total population change as it develops economically.

Cohort

A group of people in a population who share a specific common characteristic or experience, most commonly the same age range or time period of birth.

Dependency ratio

A demographic measure that compares the number of people who are too young or too old to work (dependents) to the number of people in their productive, working years.

Demographic momentum

The tendency for a population to keep growing even after fertility rates drop to or below the replacement level.

Doubling time

The number of years required for a population to double in size, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Population policy

An official government strategy, law, or program designed to influence a country’s population size, growth rate, distribution, or composition.

Pro natalist

A government measure designed to increase the birth rate and total fertility rate.

Anti natalist

A government strategy designed to slow population growth by reducing birth rates and fertility rates.

Epidemiological transition model

A framework that explains how the primary causes of death and disease in a population shift from infectious diseases to chronic, lifestyle-related conditions as a society develops.

Thomas Malthus

An English economist who argued that population grows faster than the food supply, which could lead to famine, disease, and other population checks.

Neo-Malthusians

Modern thinkers who worn that rapid population growth will put place not just food, but all global resources like water, energy, and land, leading to environmental degradation, famine, and conflict.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of people an environment can support sustainably without permanently damaging its natural resources like water, food, and land.

Overpopulation

A condition in which the number of people in an area exceeds the availability of essential resources or the environment’s carrying capacity to support an acceptable standard of living.

Migration

A permanent move to a new location.

Emigration

Migration from a location.

Immigration

The permanent movement of people into a new country or region to live there.

Push factor

A negative condition or circumstance at a person’s location of origin that encourages or forces them to leave.

Pull factor

A condition or circumstance at a destination that attracts migrants to move there.

Net migration

The difference between the number of people moving into an area (immigrants) and the number of people leaving an area (emigrants) over a specific period.

Intervening obstacle

An environmental, political, cultural, or economic feature that hinders or stops a person’s migration journey.