AP HUG FULL VOAB

absolute direction

Exact compass direction (N, S, E, W)

absolute distance

Exact measured distance (miles/km)

absolute location

Exact coordinates on Earth

acculturation

Adopting some traits of another culture while keeping your own

access to health care

Availability of medical services

age structure

Distribution of population by age

aging population

High proportion of elderly people

agricultural density

Farmers per unit of arable land

agricultural practice

Methods used in farming and food production

agricultural production

Growing and harvesting crops and animals

agricultural revolutions

Major farming advancements that increased food supply

agglomeration

Clustering of businesses for mutual benefit

arithmetic density

Total population divided by total land area

asylum seekers

People seeking protection in another country

assimilation

Loss of original culture and full adoption of a new one

bid-rent theory

Land use based on ability to pay for location

birth rate

Number of births per 1,000 people per year

blockbusting

Real estate tactic exploiting racial fear

boomburbs

Rapidly growing suburban cities

break-of-bulk point

Location where goods are transferred between transport types

brownfields

Abandoned industrial land needing cleanup

carrying capacity

Maximum population an area can support

census data

Government-collected population data

centripetal forces

Forces that unite people

centrifugal forces

Forces that divide people

chain migration

Migration to a place where family/friends already live

Christaller's central place theory

Theory explaining distribution of cities and services

climate

Long-term weather patterns

clustering

Groupings of objects in space

Columbian Exchange

Global exchange of goods, crops, and diseases after 1492

commercial agriculture

Farming for profit and sale

commodity chains

Steps from production to consumption of goods

communication

Exchange of information

comparative advantage

Ability to produce goods efficiently

complementarity

Regions benefiting from trade differences

concentric rings

Farming zones around a city (von Thünen model)

contagious diffusion

Rapid spread through direct contact

core

Wealthy, developed regions

cultural beliefs

Shared values and ideas

cultural convergence

Cultures becoming more similar

cultural divergence

Cultures becoming more different

cultural hearths

Places where cultures originate

cultural identity

A group’s shared sense of belonging

cultural landscape

Human-made features on Earth

cultural relativism

Judging a culture by its own standards

cultural trait

A single behavior or belief

culture

Shared beliefs, practices, and behaviors

death rate

Deaths per 1,000 people per year

decentralization

Movement away from a central area

de facto segregation

Separation based on economic factors

deindustrialization

Loss of manufacturing jobs

demographic transition model

Model showing population change over time

dependency ratio

Ratio of dependents to working-age population

dependency theory

The idea that poorer countries depend on richer ones

diffusion

Spread of ideas, traits, or people

disamenity zones

Areas people avoid due to poor conditions

distance decay

Interaction decreases as distance increases

domestication

Adapting plants and animals for human use

ecological footprint

Amount of resources used by people

economic development

Improvements in wealth and quality of life

economic sectors

Divisions of economic activity (primary–quinary)

edge cities

Business centers outside downtown areas

employment opportunities

Availability of jobs

environmental injustice

Unequal exposure to environmental harm

ethnocentrism

Belief that one’s culture is superior

exurbs

Communities beyond suburbs

extensive farming

Large land use with low inputs

export commodities

Goods produced for sale in other countries

family farms

Small farms operated by families

female roles

Women’s responsibilities in food systems

fertility rate

Average number of children per woman

field studies

Data collected through direct observation

food consumption

How people obtain and eat food

food distribution

Transportation of food to consumers

food production

Growing crops and raising animals

formal economy

Official, regulated economic activity

functional regions

Regions organized around a central node

galactic city model

Model of modern, sprawling urban areas

gender

Social roles based on sex

gender parity

Equal opportunities regardless of gender

gentrification

Wealthy people moving into poorer areas

geographic change

Changes in places over time

geographic data collection

Gathering location-based data

geographic fragmentation

Division of government functions across areas

geographic variations

Differences across regions

globalization

Increasing global connections

global networks

Interconnected systems of cities

gravity model

Interaction based on size and distance

greenbelts

Protected land around cities

Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model

City model with multiple centers

hearths of domestication

Places where farming first began

high-density housing

Many housing units in a small area

Human Development Index

Measure of development using health, education, income

immigration policies

Laws controlling entry into a country

informal economy

Unofficial economic activity

infrastructure

Basic systems like roads and utilities

intensive farming

High inputs for high output on small land

interdependence

Countries relying on each other

internal migration

Movement within a country

just-in-time delivery

Producing goods as needed