AP HUG FULL VOAB

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Last updated 8:20 PM on 5/1/26
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152 Terms

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absolute direction
Exact compass direction (N, S, E, W)
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absolute distance
Exact measured distance (miles/km)
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absolute location
Exact coordinates on Earth
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acculturation
Adopting some traits of another culture while keeping your own
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access to health care
Availability of medical services
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age structure
Distribution of population by age
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aging population
High proportion of elderly people
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agricultural density
Farmers per unit of arable land
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agricultural practice
Methods used in farming and food production
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agricultural production
Growing and harvesting crops and animals
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agricultural revolutions
Major farming advancements that increased food supply
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agglomeration
Clustering of businesses for mutual benefit
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arithmetic density
Total population divided by total land area
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asylum seekers
People seeking protection in another country
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assimilation
Loss of original culture and full adoption of a new one
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bid-rent theory
Land use based on ability to pay for location
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birth rate
Number of births per 1,000 people per year
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blockbusting
Real estate tactic exploiting racial fear
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boomburbs
Rapidly growing suburban cities
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break-of-bulk point
Location where goods are transferred between transport types
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brownfields
Abandoned industrial land needing cleanup
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carrying capacity
Maximum population an area can support
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census data
Government-collected population data
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centripetal forces
Forces that unite people
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centrifugal forces
Forces that divide people
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chain migration
Migration to a place where family/friends already live
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Christaller's central place theory
Theory explaining distribution of cities and services
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climate
Long-term weather patterns
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clustering
Groupings of objects in space
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Columbian Exchange
Global exchange of goods, crops, and diseases after 1492
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commercial agriculture
Farming for profit and sale
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commodity chains
Steps from production to consumption of goods
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communication
Exchange of information
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comparative advantage
Ability to produce goods efficiently
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complementarity
Regions benefiting from trade differences
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concentric rings
Farming zones around a city (von Thünen model)
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contagious diffusion
Rapid spread through direct contact
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core
Wealthy, developed regions
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cultural beliefs
Shared values and ideas
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cultural convergence
Cultures becoming more similar
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cultural divergence
Cultures becoming more different
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cultural hearths
Places where cultures originate
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cultural identity
A group’s shared sense of belonging
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cultural landscape
Human-made features on Earth
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cultural relativism
Judging a culture by its own standards
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cultural trait
A single behavior or belief
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culture
Shared beliefs, practices, and behaviors
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death rate
Deaths per 1,000 people per year
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decentralization
Movement away from a central area
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de facto segregation
Separation based on economic factors
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deindustrialization
Loss of manufacturing jobs
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demographic transition model
Model showing population change over time
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dependency ratio
Ratio of dependents to working-age population
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dependency theory
The idea that poorer countries depend on richer ones
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diffusion
Spread of ideas, traits, or people
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disamenity zones
Areas people avoid due to poor conditions
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distance decay
Interaction decreases as distance increases
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domestication
Adapting plants and animals for human use
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ecological footprint
Amount of resources used by people
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economic development
Improvements in wealth and quality of life
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economic sectors
Divisions of economic activity (primary–quinary)
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edge cities
Business centers outside downtown areas
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employment opportunities
Availability of jobs
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environmental injustice
Unequal exposure to environmental harm
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ethnocentrism
Belief that one’s culture is superior
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exurbs
Communities beyond suburbs
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extensive farming
Large land use with low inputs
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export commodities
Goods produced for sale in other countries
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family farms
Small farms operated by families
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female roles
Women’s responsibilities in food systems
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fertility rate
Average number of children per woman
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field studies
Data collected through direct observation
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food consumption
How people obtain and eat food
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food distribution
Transportation of food to consumers
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food production
Growing crops and raising animals
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formal economy
Official, regulated economic activity
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functional regions
Regions organized around a central node
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galactic city model
Model of modern, sprawling urban areas
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gender
Social roles based on sex
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gender parity
Equal opportunities regardless of gender
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gentrification
Wealthy people moving into poorer areas
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geographic change
Changes in places over time
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geographic data collection
Gathering location-based data
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geographic fragmentation
Division of government functions across areas
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geographic variations
Differences across regions
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globalization
Increasing global connections
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global networks
Interconnected systems of cities
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gravity model
Interaction based on size and distance
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greenbelts
Protected land around cities
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Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model
City model with multiple centers
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hearths of domestication
Places where farming first began
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high-density housing
Many housing units in a small area
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Human Development Index
Measure of development using health, education, income
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immigration policies
Laws controlling entry into a country
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informal economy
Unofficial economic activity
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infrastructure
Basic systems like roads and utilities
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intensive farming
High inputs for high output on small land
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interdependence
Countries relying on each other
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internal migration
Movement within a country
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just-in-time delivery
Producing goods as needed