Final Test

What is the purpose of the Lens and Ciliary Muscle?

This process is called _____________?

Lens: Bends or focuses light into the retain

Ciliary: ability to change lens shape and focus on close objects

Panoramic

Horse have binocular and monocular vision, which can simply be termed as what?

40-50 days

In foals, myelin grow rapidly in the first ______________ of life

45 days

Horses are able to smell up to ___________ away?

2.2 miles

What does retina do?

Retina converts light into electrical signals which transport information to optic nerve, them to brain.

The _______________ acts as a sun shade/Visor and protests the eye from light

corpora nigra

The natural behaviors that stallions show are vocal, quick movements, mouth, unpredictable and erratic. Which if you are not assertive with stallions that it can lead to push ness mental and physical exertion.

What specific natural behaviors do stallions have, and how does this cross over or interfere with handling on the ground or under saddle?

16 muscles

Horses have ___________ in their ears, while humans only have three.

Prefrontal Cortex

What part of the brain controls planning, reasoning, forethought, etc., that is considered “underdeveloped” compared to humans?

yellow & blue

The color of cones that horses have in their eyes are?

ability to see fine detail

Acuity is defined as:

Chemical that control instinctual behavior.

What is purpose of pheromones?

300,000

How many olfactory receptors do horses have?

myelination

Process of ___________ contributes to rapid brain growth and maturation.

2.7 miles

Horses are able to hear up to ______________ away.

Hertz

“Pitch” is measured in

Corprophasia

The odd behavior that foals conduct within the first six weeks of life in order to obtain intestinal microbes and good gut health?

20/20 to 20/60

What is teh range of acuity in horses?

NO

Are horse able to locate sound better than human?

Mares

Who pays more attention to hearing in order to warn the young ones about danger?

Pupil

Horse have larger horizontal ________________ which allows them take in more light than humans.

Neuron

____________ are the type of brain cell that transmits functional information

Auditor Cortex

_____________ is the area of the brain where hearing is processed

-Stallions: The handler that is responsible for vocalizing command and keep the collector safe.

-The cleaner: before the collect does his job the cleaner clean the stallions penis with warm water and cotten.

-Mare Handler: The handler of the mare is responsible for make sure the mare is safe. As well as excited the stallion from a far.

-The collector: responsible of for collecting the the semen with the AV.

What are the 4 personnel are required for successful stallion collection, and what are their duties and responsibilities?

third day 100

Research shows, by the ____________ of life, foals are estimated to stretch ____________ times a day

Tappapeun Lucidum

For night vision, horses have ____________ which is iridescent collagen fibers that reflects light frim the ground into the eye.

Dendrites

______________ are small branches on a neuron that receive information from another neuron.

45 mins 15mins

Horses can take upwards of ___________ to adjust to light and as minimum as ____________.

-Reptilian brain: primary responsibility is survival body and maintenance

-Limbic layer: controls the emotion and memory

-Cerebral cortex: Langue, speech, and writing

List the layer of the brain and what they are responsible for

Corpus Callosum

The nerve fibers that connects the brain’s two hemispheres in order that transfer information is called

Precocial species

Horse are born ready for life due to being a _________________.

55 to 35,000 hertz

Horses’ ability to hear from low to high noises ranges from ______________.

Axon

_______________ is the part of brain cell that transmits an electrical impulse form one neuron to another.

Rods and Cones

-Horse have more rods than humans to see more motion because they are prey animals. And have less cones to see color

____________ encodes motion, _________ encode color.

-What significance?

Frequency

___________ is a term for the number of times pre second that a sound wave repeats (also what pitch is referred to as).

6 and a half

In the first 3 years of life, each year equivalent to how many humans years?

roaming optic disc

The blind spot that is within the eye (Cover sensory receptors) is called:___________

9 centementers

Horses detect depth perception at a minimum of _____________.

Decibels (dB)

“Loudness” is measured in _______________ ranging of soft to loud noises.

7

An average horse can hear ______________ which is equivalent to the volume of someone breathing quietly.

glutamate

Major excitatory neurotransmitter ___________ stimulates communications between groups of nerve fibers

25,000

How many taste buds do horses have?

Vomeronasal organ

What olfactory organ is responsible for processing pheromones?

2 and a half

After the first 3 years of life, each additional year of a horse’s life is roughly equal to how many human years?

5-7

Horse brains are matured at ______________ years.

Glial cells

_______________ are the “brain janitors” and clean up a keep the neuron healthy; they are cells that blind that nerve fibers together through growth.

Sodium controls the motor cells that function muscle.

Glucose is the fuel for the brain.

What is the importance of sodium and glucose for the brain?

Prey Predator

___________ have wide set/sideways facing eyes, while ___________ have forward eyes

-Large cup ears

-Wide set ears and impendent movements

-Ability to move 180 to front and back; 90 degrees too to bottom

List the physiological reasons horses can hear so well

retinal bleaching

When photoreceptors undergo chemical change to make them less sensitives to light it is called________.

Flehmen Response

What is the “response” horses do when they curl their lip up to trap the air inside their nose?

When one sense fails the other sense take over.

What is sensory compensation?

The ability to recognize a object in a different position.

What is categirical perception?

When neurons are fatigue out and become less stimulated.

What is neural fatigue?

Joint angle receptors

The proprioceptive cells that tell the brain how much and in which directions a joint is bent are called

The ability to sense ones' body position and body awareness.

Define proprioception:

Cerebullum

The area of the brain that is important for coordinated movements, balance, and learning is:

basal ganglia

Located in the center of the brain ______________ is a set of neural structures important for Motor control and learning.

-tripping and stumbling

-off balance

-change of gate

• Doing carrot strechs

• Proprioception box

• Terrain training

• balance pads

• Back up onto things

• Pull work

• One bell boot

What cause/contributes that a horse may demonstrate if lacking proprioception?

What should be included in a proprioceptive rehabilitation plan ?

Motor cortex

The area of the brain that initiates movements of specific body parts (memory bank/processing) is:

Golgi Tended

The proprioceptive cells that tell the brain how much tension is being applied to the muscle is called:

Muscle Spindels

The proprioceptive nerve that that sense how fast/long muscle is extending which activates the muscle is called:

Inattentional Blindness

Human failure to notice obvious stimuli when attention is focused on something else/something specific is the physiological phenomenon of

Visual Attentional Test

What does VAT stand for test?

Von Economo Neuron

_____________ are “large types of neurons that specialized for promoting attention.

Dopamine

___________ is critical in motivation by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system.

Acetylcholine

________________Important for muscle activation

Anterior Cingulate

In 2015 researchers found the neurons that specialize in promoting attention in the ____________________ cortex.

The type of work the horse did.

Based on the 2022 attention study, What is the specialize in promoting cause for how ling a horse can focus/Horse attention span?

Cortisol

_______________ Relives stress by increasing glucose to provide more energy.

No

Can human brain equally divide attention (multi-task).

No

Overall, multi-tasking increase productivity of task?

Norepinephrine

_______________ prepares body for action by increasing the flight of flight rewponse.

Neurons Tuning

________________ is the process of limiting the specific stimulation to which a neuron responds refining the neurons ability to respond.

-feeding practices

-lacking movement

-Lack of social interactions

What are three primary cause of the horse having/starting a vice

No

Are stereotypes scientifically proven contagious?

Stereotypes

A vice is also called __________?

-Cribbing: when a horse is sucking on a pull or surface which can lead wind sucking

-Wind sucking: progression from cribbing when horse suck in wind with a open mouth

-Wood chewing: is chewing on wood in their stall or pasture area that they are in. Not stopping can lead to cribbing.

List and explain oral Vices

-Stall kicking: when a horse is kicking in the stall door or wall. That can lead to injury to bones like fragments and broken bones.

-Circal walking: is when a horse is walking in a circal favoriting a directions that can cause unbalance body muscle and ruin their hooves

List and explain Locomotor vices

Aciade

High grain feed regimens create an increase of _______________ within the stomach which can lead to discomfort.

Dopamine

What is the “happy hormone” released that create a type of addiction for horses while doing a vice