Nonverbal midterm - kinesics, haptics, chronemics, vocalics

kinesics

commonly known as "body language"
- all the ways we use body to express and interpret messages

kinesics ex

Facial, eye, head, trunk, limb, hand, and foot movements. Also posture and gait

physical

Kinesics does not include ________ contact with another's body.

true

We're displaying more than a single behavior at any instance

kinesic, 80

We frequently rely on __________ cues over other cues. vision is ___% of our sensory perception, observers distinguish movements at 1/50 of a sec

structural, functional

2 approaches of Kinesic Code

Structural Approach (more science), combined

Birdwhistell sought to identify discrete, universal kinesic behaviors that are ________ to produce NV expressions.

Birdwhistle, linguistic

Modeled his approach after the ___________ classification system.
- Distinguishes discrete units of language behaviors
- Kinesics appear to be tied to speech, they should exhibit a similar structure to language

kineme

smallest meaningful unit of behavior

8 regions w/ own set of kinemes:

-Head, face, neck, trunk

-Shoulders, arms, wrists

-Hand and finger movement

-Hips, legs, and ankles

-Foot activity, including walking

lip, eye

Kineme and Smiling

2 muscle groups involved in smiling, that help distinguish between a real and a fake smile

- ___ corners

- ____ corners

Duschenne, on/off, longer, bigger, less, sincerity

____________ smile (spontaneous/genuine) differs from posed smiles in onset, offset, and duration of the muscle groups that are engaged.
- Posed smiles turn ___/___ much quicker but are ________ in duration, they're _________, and are _____ likely to engage the corners of our eyes
- We look for a "real" smile in our judgements of ________

kinemorphs

Combinations of kinemes that act like words, can work with other kinemorphs to produce something like a sentence

kinemorphs ex, together

Communicating sympathy for a distraught friend (you might bow your head, lower your eyelids slightly, leaning in their direction)
- Separately these behaviors may not communicate sympathy, but ________ they are not likely to convey compassion and understanding

interpersonal, attention, anxiety

Kinesic behaviors

The eyes are used to…

- Express _________ attitudes or emotions

- Regulate interactions

- Signal _______

- Produce _______ or arousal in another person

gaze

______ can be used for surveillance and information-gathering.

structural

Crnach & Ellgring _______ system based on length, direction, duration, and reciprocation of gaze
- One-sided look, mutual look, eye contact, gaze avoidance, gaze omission

emotions, stare, brow

Noller went on to code visual behaviors related to ________.
- Distinguished between a gaze and _____
- Added 3 _____ behaviors: eyebrow raise, eyebrow flash, eyebrow furrow

Functional Approach (more art)

Considers the meaning or purposes of the behaviors as a way to organize but also reveal the social consequence of NV cues

Gestures

___________ are a rich vehicle for conveying symbolic and syntactic information between speakers and listeners.

5

Other scholars provide further distinctions, like Ekman and Friesman with __ distinct types of gestures that each perform different functions, or display different meanings
- emblems, regulators, affection displays, illustrators, adaptors

emblems

Gestures that have a clear symbolic meaning and can stand alone as a speech act.

regulators, cops, flow

Kinesic behaviors designed to manage or regulate turn taking between two or more interactions.
- "traffic _____" of conversation (coordinate pace and _____)

affection displays

Reveal emotions, intentional or unintentional, accompany speech or stand alone, transmit true emotions or be used symbolically

illustrators

Kinesic acts accompanying speech that are used to...
- Aid in the description of what is being said
- Trace the direction of speech
- Set the rhythm of speech
- Gain and hold listener's attention

accent, compliment, contradict

Illustrators ________, c________, repeat, or _______ what is being said.
- Resource for speakers to clarify ambiguous meanings for listeners.

adaptors, intended, internal

Behaviors that satisfy physical or psychological needs, have early life origins.
** They are not i________ to communicate, but they can be informative about the sender's ______ state.

self-adaptors

scratching arm, playing with hair, biting lip

other-directed adaptors

movements directed toward another person during interpersonal interactions, cross arms to protect

object-adaptors

manipulation of objects, like tapping a pencil

haptics, touch, old

the foundation for communication with the world around us, and probably the single sense that is as ___ as life itself

universal, grooming , oxytocin, social bonding

Social Impact of Touch

- _________ form of physical intimacy used to convey feelings and love as well as to ease pain and burden suffered by another party

- Social _________ (allogrooming- the grooming of others) releases ________ and endorphins that cement the process of ______ ________ in primates and non-primates

medical, comforting, anxiety, female

Health Impact of Touch

- Comfort and other benefits for ________ patients who receiving _________ physical touch from medical providers

- Heart patients - reduced _______

- ________ patients - less fear towards surgery if comfortingly touched by the nurse explaining the procedure

western, private, self, controlling

Studying Touch

- It’s a challenge to study esp. in ________ culture, bc most touch happens in ________. Researchers rely on a lot of ____-reporting

- When doing an exp. though problems with evaluation occur. The “actor” may have difficulty _________ touch behavior without simultaneously changing other behaviors (like gaze or smiling), thus skewing the results of reactions.

14,

Types of Touches

___ major types of non-aggressive public body contact btw 2 people:

- Handshake, body-guide, pat, arm-link, shoulder embrace, full embrace/hug, hand-in-hand, waist embrace, kiss, hand-to-head, head-to-hand, caress, body support, mock attack

interpreted

Interpretation of Touches

Many types of touches , but they’re not _________ in the same way

- Pat on shoulder: friend = comfort, rival = condescending

- People interpreted touching based on various dimensions:

Intensity, duration, location, frequency, & instrument of touch

intensity

how soft or hard a touch is

Ex. punching someone can be playful or painful

- Intensity will also depend on the receiver

duration, feelings

how brief or prolonged a touch is

Ex. a brief hug vs. a lingering hug

- The duration of touch communicates _______

frequency

the # touches that occur

Ex. parent to child, how many kisses on the face?

location

place where person touched
- Touches to various body parts are interpreted differently

instrument of touch

whatever is used to touch, typically hands
- You might use an object to touch someone's arm instead of your hand

instrumental touch

- professional-functional/task related

- Typically one-sided and task oriented

- to perform a service

- No intention for intimate or sexual messages

ex. golf pro w/ student, tailor w customer, dr. w patient

socially polite touch

- Relatively formal and guided by social norms and politeness. Ritualistic.

- Commonly occur in greetings and departures

- Commonly hear verbal message before seeing physical contact

ex. Handshake

affectionate touch

General friendship, warmth, but not necessarily sexual attraction

- Purpose is to show affection

ex. Hugs, hand holding, forms of kissing,

Interlocking fingers while hand holding, criss-cross hug

appreciative & congratulatory touch

- Response to something positive a person does

- High fives, pats on the shoulder.

- Patting, arm stroke or rub

ex. Seen in families, workplaces, friends, etc.

comforting touch

Provide social support and comfort

ex. Shoulder patting, hand on arm, hugging

sexual touch, sequence

Most intense and intimate form of touch

- Distinguishes from friendly or affectionate touch:

--> Concentrated to vulnerable parts of the body

--> Multiples kinds of touches that occur together in ________

playful touch

Lighten an interaction and possibly give a double meaning to verbal messages

ex. Playful affection: offering a kiss but kissing forehead instead

ex. Playful aggression: tickling, wrestling

control touch

Direct behavior, attitude, or feeling state of another person
- Shifting perceptual focus or feeling state. Patting someone and saying "look at that!" excitedly
! Some focus on persuasion or gaining compliance

negative affect touch

Pushing, pulling, pinching, shoving, slapping, kicking

hybrid touch

Combination of various types of touch

- Often positive affect and ritualistic

ex. Hug as u leave the house

- Control & negative affect

ex. Smacking a child’s hand as they reach for hot stove

- Instrumental and Affection

ex. Rubbing sunscreen on partner’s back

affectionate, public

Females percieve _______ touch as more pleasurable, and touch more than males.
Men initiate more touch in _______, women in private.

personality, anxiety

__________ was a bigger predictor of positive perceptions of touch than the biological sex of toucher.
People who are high touch avoiders also score high on measures of ________.

high

_____ contact culture people touch more.

chronemics

how humans percieve time and structure as communication

communicative

Our use of time is ____________.
- How much time we spend with people
- Response latencies in verbal and written messages
- Going "over" time limits

technical time, clock, industrial

What we think about as “______ time,” a scientific and precise measurement of time.

- ________ societies place high value on precision, calendars, time zones, clocks, and scheduling

- Adherence and deviation from this type of time can be a message

formal time, culture, learned

The traditional ways that time is viewed and organized within a given _______.
- western cultures= time organized in a highly segmented, linear, ordered, and hierarchical format
- Time is a _______ concept (united states exs.)

informal time, experience, outside

Loosely defined system of time that is implicit, learned through ________ with a culture, and usually _______ conscious awareness.
- The "guidelines" are not written down, they are learned

psychological time orientation, present, future, time-line

Relates to the pattern of our idea and expectations about time
- It varies from person to person and from culture to culture
- 4 orientations: past, _________, _______ & ____-____

Politeness, norms

We can use time in polite and impolite ways.

- Qualifications of politeness rely on _____ and expectations

Ex. punctuality- bc it varies on person, culture, and occasion, it’s important to communicate

value, finite

The way people use their time sends signals about what and whom they value.

- In the U.S., time is a _____ commodity, giving your time to a person, activity, or cause implies value

ex. Personal relationships, doctor/patient allocated time, parent/child interactions

power

The use of time, or ability to dictate how others use their time, can send signals of power and status

encoding

oftentimes our use of time reflects our internal cycles and cultural norms rather than an intentional message.

decoding

There's a lot of ambiguity in the uses of chronemics codes since they can be subtle when used.

Vocalics cues

pitch, volume, pauses, speed, intensity, resonance

complement, accent, emphasize, contradict

Vocalics can....

substitute

Can ________ vocalics with....
- laughing, whispering, yawning, crying, moaning, sighing, whining

emotional, comment, social, exchange

Vocalics Cues can Comm...

- ________ reactions

- _________ on relationships

- indicate ______ attitudes

- regulate the back-and-forth _______ in convos

message, speaker, state, relationship

Vocalics can convey additional meaning & info about....
- the _______ (joking)
- the _______ (gender)
- the speaker's ______ (tense)
- the _______ (formal)

grammatical, nongrammatical

Pauses, Hesitations, and Silences

- __________ (natural pauses) or ___________ (pause at innapropriate times)

filled pauses

um, uh, ah

unfilled pauses

silence

before speaking

speech latency

questions, declarations

Vocalics...

- distinguish between _________ and d________

- use ________ to clarify meaning

ex. the dog that i want to buy

the dog that i want to buy

warm, about, to

______ and supportive doctor tone correlated with more patient satisfaction. The tone of voice used when talking ______ patients carries over to the way doctors talk __ patients

sales

Vocal empathy and enthusiasm correlated with better ratings of _____ effectiveness.

better

Faster speech, more pitch variability, fewer pauses,and lower pitch correlated with ______ performance ratings by superiors

signal, recognition, diff.

Identifying Voices

- a complex _____ is produced every time we speak.

- we rely on voice ________ to identify others, esp. on the phone and are decent at it!

- It's unclear which _______ cue is used to identify a speaker bc we use diff. ones for ____. individuals.

(inflections, pauses, volume, etc.)

age, gender

Pear (1931) research on vocal cues and judgements of speaker

- _____ was est. fairly accurately

- _____ with remarkable accuracy

timbre, pitch

________ (musical quality) and ______ are the major markers of gender.

slows, uncertainty

With advancing age, speech _____ down, and disruptions and _______ increase.

joy, sadness, anxiety

Emotion in Vocal Cues

- ____/elation: high pitch, increased volume, faster rate

- _______/depression: lower pitch, decreasd volume, slow rate, longer pauses

- state ________: higher pitch, tremors, speech dysfluencies, repetition, incoherent sounds

turn requesting, fast

- Audible intake of breath
- Interrupting
- Stutter start
- ____ back-channel responses (uh-huh, yeah)

turn yielding, filler

- Questioning tone at the end
- Drawl
- Lower pitch
- Pause
- _____ / Trail off (so, ah, you know, like)

turn maintaining, increased, filled

- ________ speech rate and volume when turn-requesting cues are sensed
- Decreased frequency and duration of silent pauses
- Increased frequency of ______ pauses('ah', 'uhhh')

turn denying, increased, silence

Sometimes we want the other person to KEEP talking.
- _______ back-channel responses (reinforce what they're saying)
- _________ - a dramatic way to deny turn