Ch 19 Learning Objectives

Cardiovascular System: The Heart

19.1.1 Describe the general function of the cardiovascular system.

19.1.2 Differentiate among the three primary types of blood vessels.

19.1.3 Describe the general structure and function of the heart.

19.1.4 Compare and contrast pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation of the cardiovascular system. Trace blood flow through both circulations.

19.2.5 Describe the location and position of the heart in the thoracic cavity.

19.2.6 List and describe the structural components of the pericardium.

19.2.7 Describe the function of the pericardium and the purpose of the serous fluid within the pericardial cavity.

19.3.8 Compare the superficial features of the anterior and posterior aspects of the heart.

19.3.9 Name the three layers of the heart wall and the tissue components of each.

19.3.10 Characterize the four chambers of the heart and their functions.

19.3.11 Compare and contrast the structure and function of the two types of heart valves.

19.3.12 Describe the location and function of the fibrous skeleton.

19.3.13 Identify the coronary arteries, and describe the specific areas of the heart supplied by their major branches.

19.3.14 Explain the significance of coronary arteries as functional end arteries.

19.3.15 Describe blood flow through the coronary arteries.

19.3.16 Identify the coronary veins, and describe the specific areas of the heart drained by their major branches.

19.4.17 Describe the general structure of cardiac muscle, including intercalated discs.

19.4.18 Explain how cardiac muscle meets its energy needs.

19.5.19 Identify and locate the components of the heart’s conduction system.

19.5.20 Compare and contrast parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the heart.

19.6.21 Describe an SA nodal cell at rest.

19.6.22 Define autorhythmicity and explain its relationship to the pacemaker potential of the SA node.

19.6.23 Describe the steps for SA nodal cells to spontaneously depolarize and serve as the pacemaker cells.

19.6.24 Describe the spread of the action potential through the heart’s conduction system.

19.6.25 Describe the conditions at the sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cells at rest.

19.7.26 List the electrical events of an action potential that occur at the sarcolemma.

19.7.27 Briefly summarize the mechanical events of cardiac muscle contraction.

19.7.28 Define the refractory period.

19.7.29 Explain the significance of the plateau phase.

19.7.30 Identify the components of an ECG recording.

19.8.31 Identify the two processes within the heart that occur due to pressure changes associated with the cardiac cycle.

19.8.32 List the five phases of the cardiac cycle.

19.8.33 List and describe what occurs during the five phases of the cardiac cycle.

19.8.34 Explain the significance of ventricular balance.

19.9.35 Define cardiac output.

19.9.36 Explain what is meant by cardiac reserve.

19.9.37 Define chronotropic agents, and describe how they affect heart rate.

19.9.38 Explain how autonomic reflexes alter heart rate.

19.9.39 List the three variables that may influence stroke volume.

19.9.40 Define each of the three variables, and describe the factors that influence each variable and how each variable affects stroke volume.

19.9.41 Summarize the variables that influence cardiac output.

19.10.42 Explain how postnatal heart structures develop from the primitive heart tube.

19.10.43 Describe septal defects that may occur during development.