neuro usmle

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47 Terms

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astrocytes 

CNS

Physical support, repair, removal of excess neurotransmitters, component of blood-brain barrier, glycogen fuel reserve buffer. GFAP ⊕.

reactive gliosis in response to injury

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oligodendrocytes

Myelinate axons in CNS (including CN II). “Fried egg” appearance histologically

Injured in multiple sclerosis, leukodystrophies, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

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ependymal cells

cns

Ciliated simple columnar glial cells lining ventricles and central canal of spinal cord. Apical surfaces are covered with cilia (which circulate CSF) and microvilli (which help with CSF absorption).

choroid plexus

produce csf

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microglia

cns

Activation in response to tissue damage p release of inflammatory mediators (eg, nitric oxide, glutamate). Not readily discernible by Nissl stain.

Phagocytic scavenger cells of CNS. HIV-infected microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS in HIVassociated dementia.

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satellite cells

pns

Surround neuronal cell bodies in ganglia

equivalent of astrocytes

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schwann cells

Myelinate axons in PNS (including CN III-XII). S100 ⊕.

injured in GBS

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free nerve endings sensation

pain, temperature

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meissner corpuscules

light touch

low frequency vibration

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pacinian corpuscules sensation

high frequency vibrations and pressure

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merkel disc sensation

pressure, deep static touch

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ruffini corpuscules sensations

stretch, joint angle change

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stage n1 of sleep

light sleep

theta waves

<p>light sleep </p><p>theta waves</p>
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stag n2 sleep

sleep spindles and k complexes

when bruxism occurs

<p>sleep spindles and k complexes</p><p>when bruxism occurs</p>
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stage n3 sleep

delta waves

sleep walking, bedwetting, night terrors

<p>delta waves</p><p>sleep walking, bedwetting, night terrors</p>
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rem sleep

when brain most active/ dreams

atonia

<p>when brain most active/ dreams</p><p>atonia</p>
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hypothalamus

Maintains homeostasis by regulating Thirst and water balance, controlling Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) release of hormones produced in the hypothalamus, and regulating Hunger, Autonomic nervous system, Temperature, and Sexual urges

<p>Maintains homeostasis by regulating Thirst and water balance, controlling Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) release of hormones produced in the hypothalamus, and regulating Hunger, Autonomic nervous system, Temperature, and Sexual urges</p><p></p><p></p>
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lateral nucleus

hypothalamus

Hunger. Stimulated by ghrelin, inhibited by leptin

<p>hypothalamus</p><p>Hunger. Stimulated by ghrelin, inhibited by leptin</p>
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ventromedial nucleus

hypothalamus

Satiety. Stimulated by leptin

<p>hypothalamus</p><p>Satiety. Stimulated by leptin</p><p></p>
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anterior nucleus

hypothalamus

Cooling, parasympathetic.

<p></p><p>hypothalamus</p><p>Cooling, parasympathetic.</p><p></p>
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posterior nucleus

hypothalamus

Heating, sympathetic.

<p></p><p>hypothalamus</p><p>Heating, sympathetic.</p><p></p>
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suprachiasmatic nucleus

hypothalamus

Circadian rhythm.

<p>hypothalamus</p><p>Circadian rhythm.</p><p></p>
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supraoptic/ paraventricular nucleus

hypothalamus

Synthesize ADH and oxytocin.

<p>hypothalamus</p><p>Synthesize ADH and oxytocin.</p><p></p>
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preoptic nucleus

hypothalamus

Thermoregulation, sexual behavior. Releases GnRH

<p>hypothalamus</p><p>Thermoregulation, sexual behavior. Releases GnRH</p><p></p>
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limbic association area

emotional processing

memory formation

behaviour regulation

<p>emotional processing</p><p>memory formation </p><p>behaviour regulation</p>
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broca area

speech production, language processing

<p>speech production, language processing</p>
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prefrontal cortex

manage thinking, emotions and behavior by using executive functions. These are skills you rely on to plan, make decisions, solve problems, stay focused and adjust to new situations.

<p><span><span>manage thinking, emotions and behavior by using executive functions. These are skills you rely on to plan, make decisions, solve problems, stay focused and adjust to new situations.</span></span></p>
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frontal eye field

responsible for controlling eye movements and visual attention, playing a key role in saccadic eye movements and the coordination of visual stimuli

<p><span><strong><span>responsible for controlling eye movements and visual attention, playing a key role in saccadic eye movements and the coordination of visual stimuli</span></strong></span></p>
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premotor cortex

planning, executing, and coordinating voluntary movements

<p><span><strong><span>planning, executing, and coordinating voluntary movements</span></strong></span></p>
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primary motor cortex

voluntary movement

<p>voluntary movement</p>
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primary somatosensory cortex

somatic information processing

<p>somatic information processing</p>
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somatosensory association cortex

processes and integrates sensory information related to touch, proprioception, and spatial awareness

<p><span><strong><span>processes and integrates sensory information related to touch, proprioception, and spatial awareness</span></strong></span></p>
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arcuate fasciculus

connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area, playing a vital role in language processing and communication

<p><span><strong><span>connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area, playing a vital role in language processing and communication</span></strong></span></p>
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wernicke area

language comprehension, typically located in the left temporal lobe

<p><span><strong><span>language comprehension, typically located in the left temporal lobe</span></strong></span></p>
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primary visual cortex

process visual info

<p>process visual info</p>
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primary auditory cortex

process auditory info

<p>process auditory info</p>
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CNI

olfactory

cribiform plate

<p>olfactory</p><p>cribiform plate</p>
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CNII

optic

via optic canal

<p>optic</p><p>via optic canal</p>
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CNIII

oculomotor

superioir orbital fissure

pupillary sphincter and 4 extrinsinc eye muscles

<p>oculomotor</p><p>superioir orbital fissure</p><p></p><p>pupillary sphincter and 4 extrinsinc eye muscles</p>
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CNIV

trochlear

superioir orital fissure

superioir oblique

<p>trochlear</p><p>superioir orital fissure</p><p></p><p>superioir oblique</p>
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CNV

trigeminal

  1. ophtalmic- superioir orbital fissure, sensory forehea

  2. maxillary- foramen rotundum,  sensory mid face

  3. mandibular- foramen ovale, senspry lower face/ anetrioir 2/3 tongue + movement (muscles of mastication)

<p>trigeminal</p><ol><li><p>ophtalmic- superioir orbital fissure, sensory forehea</p></li><li><p>maxillary- foramen rotundum,&nbsp; sensory mid face</p></li><li><p>mandibular- foramen ovale, senspry lower face/ anetrioir 2/3 tongue + movement (muscles of mastication)</p></li></ol><p></p>
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CNVI

abducens

superioir orbital fissure

lateral rectus

<p>abducens</p><p>superioir orbital fissure</p><p>lateral rectus</p>
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CNVII

facial

internal acoustic meatus

sensation part external ear

taste anterioir 2/3 mouth + hard palate

muscles facial expression

mucous glands mouth and nose

<p>facial</p><p>internal acoustic meatus</p><p></p><p>sensation part external ear</p><p>taste anterioir 2/3 mouth + hard palate</p><p>muscles facial expression</p><p>mucous glands mouth and nose</p>
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CNVIII

vestibulocochlear

internal acoustic meatus

hearing and balance

<p>vestibulocochlear</p><p></p><p>internal acoustic meatus</p><p>hearing and balance</p>
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CNIX

glossopharyngeal

jugular foramen

taste/ sensory posterioir 1/3

parotid gland

stylopharyngeous

<p>glossopharyngeal</p><p>jugular foramen</p><p></p><p>taste/ sensory posterioir 1/3</p><p>parotid gland</p><p>stylopharyngeous</p>
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CNX

vagus

jugular foramen

sensory external ear and larynx

taste epiglottis

muscles pharynx and larynx

<p>vagus</p><p>jugular foramen</p><p></p><p>sensory external ear and larynx</p><p>taste epiglottis</p><p></p><p>muscles pharynx and larynx</p>
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CNXI

accessory

jugular foramen

trapezius/ sternocleidomastoid

<p>accessory</p><p>jugular foramen</p><p>trapezius/ sternocleidomastoid</p>
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CNXII

hypoglossal

hypoglossal conal

tongue muscles

<p>hypoglossal</p><p></p><p>hypoglossal conal</p><p></p><p>tongue muscles</p>