Chapter 12: Milestones of the Past Century: War and Revolution 1900-1950

What eighteenth-century ideology was defended by U.S. soldiers in the twentieth century?

The Second World War and its aftermath marked the decisive emergence of the United States as a global superpower. In posters from the time, U.S. soldiers were shown marching forward to "fight for liberty" against fascism while casting a sideways glance for inspiration at the ragged colonial militiamen of their Revolutionary War.

In what ways were the world wars and the Depression motors of global change?

The world wars led to the collapse of european colonial empires. Government authority was expanded and the political map of the world was greatly altered. The Great Depression challenged the markets of industrialized capitalist countries and strengthened the power of the state along with leading to the social security system, minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs.

How did World War I, World War II, and the Cold War transform patterns of global politics?

They led to the creation of many new nations and also led to the growth of the communist party.

What factors in the early modern era led to a European-dominated world system?

The rulers of the major countries of Europe saw the world as an arena of conflict and competition among rivaled states

Before the outbreak of World War I, which territories did European powers fight over, and why were these territories considered valuable?

The Serbians were a threat to Austria Hungary and Austria Hungary had the ally of Germany along with tiny Serbia having Russia, with their mission of protecting other Slavic people. Allied to Russia were the French and British along with Germany being allied to Italy.

How could a map explain why a war between two nations of Europe could lead to a European-wide war?

Despite many elements of common culture, Europe in 1914 was a powder keg, with its major states armed to the teeth and divided into two rival alliances. In the early stages of the war, Italy changed sides to join the French, British, and Russians.

What developments in the nineteenth century were long-term causes of the First World War?

The many alliances and rivalries that had formed across Europe

What was the revival of traditional social roles brought about by the Great War?

World War I temporarily brought a halt to the women's suffrage movement as well as to women's activities on behalf of international peace. Most women on both sides actively supported their countries' war efforts.

In what ways did World War I mark new departures in the history of the twentieth century?

-large-scale casualties

-"industrialized warfare"

-"total war"(required whole country to be involved and all aspects of life)

- new map at end of war

What major changes to Europe's imperial history were brought about by the Great War?

The Great War brought into existence a number of new states that were carved out of the old German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman empires. Turkey and the new states in Europe were independent, but those in the Middle East — Syria, Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan — were administered by Britain or France as mandates of the League of Nations.

What were key political, social, and economic effects of twentieth-century world wars?

What factors contributed to the Russian Revolution and the victory of the Bolsheviks?

The Russians doing poorly in World War 1 led to the Russian Revolution with the tsar's abdication opening the door for a massive upheaval. The Lenin's message of ending the war, land for the peasants, workers control of factories, and self determination for non-Russian nationalities resonated with an increasingly rebellious public mood, particularly in the major cities.

In what way were Bolsheviks' view of their revolutionary role similar to that of the French revolutionaries of the late eighteenth century?

They has an idea of bringing modernity and progress to a backwards country

What were features of communist-led planned economies?

Top party members enjoyed many privileges but were expected to be exemplairs of socialism. The state controlled the economy and the political party ensure that the arts, education, and the media conformed to approved ways of thinking.

How was the process of industrialization in Soviet Russia different from that in Western Europe and the United States?

In the rural areas, building socialism meant the end of private ownership of land and collectivization of agriculture

What major changes to Russian society were caused by the Great War?

As the Soviet Union mobilized for rapid economic development in the 1930s, women entered the workforce in great numbers.

What were different political responses across the world to the Great Depression?

The US had massive drops in stock prices and began to have effects that rippled on European countries. Many colonies that produced products for European countries like the Gold Coast (modern day Ghana) were Hite social hard. It led to widespread unemployment in Latin America and the Mexican Revolution. Many countries like Britain, France, and Scandinavia were beginning to notice Russia's low unemployment rate and the depression energized the idea of "democratic socialism".

What were the political consequences of the economic changes from the Great Depression?

Large amounts of unemployment which led to many revolutions and people wanting for changes in societies

How did the Great Depression affect the relationship between governments and their citizens?

It challenged the governments of industrialized capitalist countries

How did the Great Depression affect people's view of the role of government? In what way did it illustrate social realities in the United States?

Many people began to trust their current countries governments less and it illustrated the effect of serration and racial discrimination in the US.

What were characteristics of twentieth-century authoritarian governments?

Countries like Japan, Italy, and Germany wanted to "establish and maintain a new order of things"

In what ways did fascism challenge the ideas and practices of European liberalism and democracy?

Where fascism arose, it sought to revitalize and purify the nations and to mobilize people for a grand task. Fascists condoned violence against enemies, exalted action rather than thought and reflection, and looked to a charismatic leader for direction. They condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, and parliamentary democracy, all of which, they argued, divided and weakened the nation.

What are some of the factors that led to the rise of fascism in Italy?

Many Italian veterans were resentful after World War 1 due to many of them being unemployed and Italy not getting much land from the Treat of Versailles

What came to represent racism in Europe during the twentieth century?

Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler came to symbolize fascism in Europe in the several decades between the two world wars.

What conditions in Germany made the nation fertile ground for the growth of fascism?

The German economy largely ground to a halt in the early 1930s amid massive employment among workers and the middle class like. Nearly everyone demanded decisive action from the state.

What were features of German fascism?

Hitler tried to instill in people the ideas of German superiority treating Jews in the nation very poorly and led many projects such as superhighways and bridges to drive down unemployment.

What was distinctive about the German expression of fascism?

- Nazis were then able to assume police powers more thoroughly than Italy, which limited opposition in Germany. Germany, under Hitler, used Jews as a symbol of corruption in Germany and even said they corrupted the "true" German Culture.

What's were the the sources of political, economic, and social tensions in the early twentieth century that led to political instability in Japan during the twentieth century?

Between 1929 and 1931 Japan's exports fell by half, leaving a million or more urban workers unemployed. During these times a movement emerged known Radical Nationalism or the Revolutionary Right.

How did Japan's experience during the 1920s and 1930s resemble that of Germany, and how did it differ?

​•​Their experiences were similar in that both countries were newcomers to great-power status; had limited experience with democratic politics; moved toward authoritarian government and a denial of democracy at home; launched aggressive programs of territorial expansion; and enacted policies that included state-financed credit and large-scale spending on armaments and public works projects to bring their respective countries out of the Depression quite quickly.

​•​Their experiences differed in that Japan remained, at least internally, a less repressive and more pluralistic society than Germany; no right-wing party was able to seize power in Japan; Japan produced no charismatic leader on the order of Mussolini or Hitler; and Japanese conceptions of their racial purity and uniqueness were directed largely against foreigners rather than an internal minority.

What were women's attitudes on Japanese militarization?

It was generally supported by women as it had an increasing role in Japanese National life

How were Allied strategies fundamentally different in the Pacific than in Europe during World War 2?

Japanese aggression temporarily dislodged the British, French, and American from their colonial possessions in Asia, while inflicting vast devastations on China. Much of the American counterattack involved "island hopping" across the Pacific until the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki finally prompted the Japanese surrender in August 1945.

What were the similarities and differences in the causes of war in Western Europe and Asia during World War 2?

Japan had many ambitions on becoming a imperialist power in Asia. While, Japan extended its operations to many European colonies in Asia.

Why were the beginnings of World War I and World War II in Europe different?

World War 1 was more of a accident that came from alliances that were formed and broken. While World War 2 was more intentional with it lying squarely from German aggression.

Which nation took the most territory from Nazi Germany in the final two years of World War 2?

The Soviet Union, French, and British took large amounts of territory from the Germans two years after World War 2

What were the effects of technology on twentieth-century warfare casualties?

They caused even larger death tolls that previous wars

How did the military use of technology in World War II differ from the military use of technology in World War I?

Propaganda machines were used more than ever before and machines were in a brutal way like never before in history.

How did World War II lead to decolonization in Africa and Asia?

Many European countries became extremely impoverished after World Wad 2 and it had became clear the Europe's time in world dominance was over with many nationalist and anti colonial movements beginning in many colonies after the war.

Compare the features of communism in China and the USSR.

Chinese communism lasted while the communism of the USSR didn't

What strategies did the Chinese Communist Party implement to win popular support?

Promotion of modern development of railroads, light industry, banking, and airline services but despite this most of the effects of these policies were in cities and where most people lived in rural areas were still very impoverished.

How did the early prospects of Chinese Communist party come to power?

An early member of China's then-minuscule Communist Party, Mao rose to a position of dominant leadership during the Long March of 1934-1935, when beleaguered communists from southeastern China trekked to a new base area in the north.

In what way did World War II contribute to the rise of the Chinese Communist Party?

High rates of poverty and previous attacks and previous Japanese invaders led to many people looking for change which came in the CCP which had 40,000 in 1937 and grew to 1.2 million in 1945.