SPEX 102 part 2

what have we limited in the environment we have built

Physical acitivity

how much less physically active is today’s generation compared to their parents?

boys are 20% and girls are 30% less active

what do the 5 modifiable risk factors (including PIA) lead to

5 noncommuniciable diseases, responsable for over 90% of all deaths in Australia and NZ

effect of physical inactivity on the 5 noncommunicable diseases

while being an individual risk factor PIA also contributes to other factors which lead to these diseases

why overt mediciasation of exercise may not work (5 reasons)

may not appeal to label exercise as medicine, suggests it only necessary to fix ill health but is also preventative, not a magic drug, no optimum dosage, can be fun and enjoyable too

human connection to the environment - child development

affective, cognitive + emotional development enhanced in kids

human connection with the environment - biophilia hypothesis

humans possess an innate tendency to connect with nature + other forms of life

effect of increased urbanisation

effects the need and opportunity to be physically active, high dependancy on vehicles

how are climate and PA related

bidirectionallu

how are climate and physical activity related bidirectionally

natural effects of air pollution extreme temps and natural disasters on PA. however sport industry has an impact on carbon footprint

what is atua

maori environmental knowledge eg god of ocean

what is matua

tribal interpration of environment

what is atua matua

health from an environmental perspective that isn’t human centered.

what does connection to the environmental knowledge lead to (atua Matua framework)

recruiting powers

what happens when we make health about ourselves (Atua Matua framework)

it becomes unsustainable (eg gym memberships and system practices such as google)

why has a need in the field and approach been neccassry (atua matua) and what is key to this

to target the wellbeing of those who need to engage in health. eg maori has highest cancer rates of indiginous people. environment is key to this

what does mataranga mean

environmental knowledge

what does whakapapa refer to

tribal connection to the environment

what does hauhuatau refer to

environmental learning - how do we learn something from being engaged in this place

what deos whakatinanatanga refer to

physical activity - choice a medium to deliver the idea which engages people to come

what does Nga Tohu refer to

environmental signs. timing of when we deliver it (becoming more important)

what does all atua connect to

stars, land or water

what is the difference between atua and matua (defs in exam)

Atua refers to the environmental knowledge ie the gods of land, ocean etc. whilst Matua refers to how the tribes interpret the environment and human actions resulting from the knowledge of Atua.

what is the difference between understanding the environment from a human perspective versus an atua perspective (defs in exam)

Atua Matua provides information about how to connect with the environment while the human perspective looks at how to exploit/use the environment to our benefit

why is environment so important to Maori (defs in exam)

Helps motivate and increase health, PA and wellbeing

factors PA and extreme environments physiologically stress

glucose, O2, CO2 and pH, Blood pressure and temperatre

what does your ability to regulate these stressors lead to

governs performance, health and environment tolerance and also your fitness

what is the single biggest determinant to heat stress

your fitness

an insuffiecent or excess amount of the what will lead to death

force, oxygen co2, thermal, light, water, energy substrates, minerals, oxidative and antigenic stress

what end of the stressors does adaption effect

usually effect both ends

why is exercise the most powerful stressor

unique, diverse, instantly accessible, self regulated (so safe and effective). (unmatched for wide ranges of adaptions)

why are things such as saunas not as powerful of a stress as PA and when may they be used

only effect some of the conditions. however can be good for people who cant do exercise

what thermal stressors would kill the fastest

depends on all sorts of things (ie in water or air). Internal heat can kill faster then external.

what environment kills humanity the quickest ?

space

what environment kills humanity the most?

built environments - lack of stressors cant be detected against meaning that this is a long term stressor

what do most environments contain an array of

stressors (most research doesnt highlight this)

when looking at whether an environment is extreme what is considered

nature of activity ( physical/cognitive demands, equipment), consider participants ( their experience, states and traits)

what is an over perceived strain called

false

what is an underperceived strain called

failed alarm

what are humans best at adapting to

gravity

what are humans worse at adpating to

cold

what (over than gravity) are humans good at adapting too

heat

what are humans good at adapting to (in moderate but not high levels)

hypoxia

What is symbiosis

interdependence of species

environmental and human symbiosis link

the health of many different species is relient on the environment.

what is biophilia

We need good natural environments around us to be healthy. Helps to explain the attraction to green spaces of humans. other forms of like make your life richer

what is the relationship between greenspaces and self-reported health

positive

how did the physiological wellbeing associated with natural environments change

when in a survey people typically reported feeling better when in these environments

what aspects of the physiological wellbeing associated with natural environments change

mood, stress and mental health

urban versus rural trend

over 50% of people live in a urban high density city. this has shifted a lot in recent years

urban and rural percentage estimates by 2050

2/3 of the worlds population will be living in urban areas

what is the urban rural calssification sometimes described as

a continuum

what does researfch into longevity in urban japan show.

space for taking a scroll near residence, parks and tree-lined strees near residence, preference for living in their current community. all increase life expectancy

what does an OR=1 mean

no difference from reference catagory

what does OR>1 mean

more likely then reference catagory

what does OR<1 mean

less likely to achieve outcome

odds ratio of natural environments compared to amount of PA undertaken

Odds ragtio is higher as you get into spaces with greater density of green spaces

what is utilitarian

actions that lead to the greater good for the greatest number of people

utilitarian biking influenced by the environment - netherlands

more bikes then there are poeple in the netherlands. suggests that they are doing more cycling

how many trips in the netherlands are done by bikes

1/4

what are the 4 environmental attributes were postiively associated with PA

density of residential, intersection, public transport and number of parks

diseases and more green space corrolation cardiovascular

0.78

diseases and more green space corrolation - hypertension

0.83

diseases and more green space corrolation - type 2 diabetes

0.62

how many kiwis have been recognised as disable

1 in 7

what is universal design

the structure of an environment so it can be understood, accessed and used to the greatest exten possible by all people of all age or ability

what do minimum building standards indicate

the ceiling isnt the limit however they are often treated this way by builders arctictures etc.

what is our job as spex practitioners

your responsibility is to hlep design friction free environments.

what does friction refer to in the sense of diabilities

using your knowledge of human movement to create spaces where doing the right physical activity feels natural safe and effortless.

what is the sunflower initiative

supports 80% of the disabled with hidden impairments. lets people know when you may need assisstance.

what does the medical model look at

looks at the person with the disability as the problem.

what are the 7 things that needs to be consulted when designing an environment

equitable use, flexibility of use, simple and intiative, perceptible info, tolerance for error, low physical effort, size and space for use

what is an example of equitable for use

automatic sliding doors with modern sensors are convient for all shoppers especially with hands full or mobility aid

what is an example of flexibility of use

scissors are designed with a large grip accomodating use with both hands and allowing comfortable repitiion

what is an example of simple adn intiative

publid emergency stations utitlise clear recognisable safety colour and extremely simple push button operation

what is an example of perceptible info

small tactile bumps on keyboards telling users where critical keys are without having a visual aid

what are the WHO protocils to environmental design

green place, active place, pro-social place and safe place

stroke mandeville

rehab through sport, believes that sport builds physical strenght, psychological resilience and social connection. organised stroke mandeville games in 1948 which turned into the modern paralympics

gyms and accessibility for those with disabilities

where you dont have to get out of a wheelchair are great. accessibility which doesnt look like they are for the disables.

what types of places are continuining to increase accessibility for the disabled

aviation, public transit, heritage sites, adventure

what percentage of brits wouldnt exercise if their life depended on it

62%

what percentage of brits find exercise enjoyable

4%

why is psych important to enhance movement

telling people to be physically active isnt enough, psych factors must be used

what is motivation the start of

behavioural change

what is motivation

anything that impels a person to action

how do we show motivation

through the intensity and direction you choice

what do we measure instead of motivation and why

motivation is hard to measure so instead measure behaviour

proximal outcomes

occur during or shortly after exercise. keeps is motivates more

what is the more important psych outcome

proximal - drives motivation more (important to focus on)

distal outcomes

expected days or months after continued exercise. ranked more important, aspirational

what is someone with low outcome and low expectations called

pessimitic realists

what is someone with high expectations and low results called

disappointed optimists

what is someone with low expectations and high achievements called

surprised pessimists

what is someone with high expectations and high achievements called

optimistic realists

what will happen if the change doesnt mean anything to the person

not going to be influential

why cant you give someone motivation

active process, have to build it for themselves

autonomous motivation

“I enjoy exercise, I value the benefits” - related to adherence and positive psych outcomes

controlled motivation

“ i have been told to exercise and I will feel quility if i don’t” - related to short term adaption and negative psych outcome

how do you create autonoumous motivation

involve individuals in setting goals/plan. help them create sense of connection the the exercise environment and release what they can do

how can we create confidence and motivation

through learning what we can do (done through achievements, being tolr you can and see others do it)