FINALS CARDIOVASCULAR/PERIPHERAL VASCULAR

What vessels are commonly used for CABG grafts

Saphenous vein or IMA

What is the difference between a lobectomy and a pneumonectomy?

Lobectomy: Removes lung lobe

Pneumonectomy: Removes entire lobe

What is empyema and what condition causes it

Accumulation of pus within a body cavity, caused by bacterial pneumonia

What is the purpose of pledges in vascular anastomosis

Small patches that distribute suture tension over a wider area

What is claudication and what causes it

Pain due to poor arterial circulation in legs

What is the difference between an embolectomy and a thrombectomy?

Embolectomy: Removal of embolus ( Blood clot that has traveled and lodged itself into a vessel)

Thrombectomy: Removal of thrombus( Blood clot that formed At sight of obstruction

what catheter is commonly used to remove emboli?

Fogarty catheter

What is a Finochietto rib spreader for?

Spread ribs for thoracotomy

What are satinsky clamps used for

Partial occlusion of large vessels

What are DeBakey forces for?

A traumatic vascular tissue handling

What are Cooley clamps/scissors for?

Delicate vascular instruments

What is an internal mammory artery (IMA) Retractor

Exposes chest wall for CABG harvest

What is a CABG ( Coronary artery bypass grafting)

Uses saphenous vein or IMA to bypass coronary blockages

What is a valve replacement/repair?

Mechanical or tissue prosthetics for aortic/mitral valve disease

What is a thoracoscopy? (VATS)

Minimally, invasive lung/thoracic procedure

What is a decortication?

Removal of fibrous layer from lung (e.g., Empyema

What is a pericardiectomy?

Removal of part of the pericardium ( Constructive pericarditis)

What is a heart transplant?

Replacement of disease, heart

What is the SA node?

Natural pacemaker of the heart

What is the blood flow sequence?

Right ventricle→ Pulmonary artery→ Lungs→ Pulmonary vein→ Left atrium

What is the phrenic nerve?

Damaged during thoracic surgery→ Diaphragm paralysis

What is the plural space?

Between visceral and parietal pleura, prevents friction with serous fluid

What is a Fogarty catheter?

Removes thrombus/embolus from artery

What are some examples of vascular clamps for a traumatic clam?

• Bulldog

• Satinsky

• Cooley

What are vascular dilators for?

Expand vessel lumen

• garrett

What are hemoclips/Ligaclips for

To secure small vessels

What is a carotid endarterectomy? (CEA)

Removal of plaque from carotid artery to prevent stroke

What is an arteriovenous (AV) fistula or graft used for

Access for dialysis

What is an embolectomy/Thrombectomy

Removal of clot with Fogarty catheter

What is an aneurysm repair? (AAA repair)

Repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm with graft

What is bypass grafting?

Femoral popliteal (fem-pop), axillofemoral, or aorto-bifemoral bypass With vein or synthetic graft

What is endovascular stenting?

Intraluminal placement of stent for vessel patency

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood (Except pulmonary artery)

Veins: return deoxygenated blood (Except pulmonary vein)

Which heart chamber has the thickest muscular wall and why?

The left ventricle, because it pumps blood out of the heart

Which structure initiates the electrical impulse that controls the heartbeat?

The sinoatrial (SA) node, it’s known as the hearts natural pacemaker

Name the 2 valves that separate the atria from the ventricles

The 2 atrioventricular valves:

• tricuspid valve (right side)

• Bicuspid valve (left side)

Which valve allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

The aortic valve

What is the function of the coronary sinus in the hearts circulation

Collects deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins and empties it into the right atrium

In what order does blood flow through the heart, starting from the body and returning again?

Body → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs (via pulmonary arteries) → left atrium → left ventricle → body (via aorta)

What is the role of the pulmonary veins in blood circulation

Carry’s oxygen rich blood back to the left atrium of the heart

where in the thoracic cavity is the heart located, and what is the significance of its apex position

The heart is located in the mediastinum, the apex tilts leftwards and rests just above the diaphragm

What structure in the lungs is responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood

The alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs

What kind of tissue structure allows the lungs to expand and contract efficiently

The lung tissue, which is spongy and elastic

How many lobes does the right lung contain, and how does this compare to the left lung?

The right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) this is different from the left lung which only has 2 lobes to make room for the heart

What are the 2 layers of the pleura, and what is the function of the fluid between them?

• The visceral pleura: covers the lungs directly

• The parietal pleura: lines the chest cavity

• The serous fluid between them reduces friction during breathing

Where is the Apex of the lung found relative to the ribs and clavicle

The top of each lung extends slightly above the level of the first rib

What term describes the space between the lungs that houses the heart and other major structures

The mediastinum

Which type of blood vessels returns oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart

Pulmonary veins

What structure feature is only found in veins and not arteries?

Valves to prevent back flow

What is the primary purpose of an AV fistula in a patient with kidney failure

To make it easier to connect to a dialysis machine

Which blood vessel is the largest in the body

The aorta

Where is a balloon dialatir most commonly inserted during coronary angioplasty

Femoral artery

Which type of catheter is used for a balloon embolectomy

Fogarty catheter

Which scissors are commonly used to extend arrteriotomy incisions

Potts-smith scissors

Which synthetic graft material is most often used in PV surgery

Gore-Tex

What is the purpose of pledgets in vascular procedures

Reinforce sutures, especially in friable tissue

What tool might be used to tag delicate monofilament suture without damage

Suture boots

How are vessel loops used during vascular procedures

Retraction/ identification of vessels

What pathology is often treated with a carotid endoterectomy

Atherosclerosis/ removes plaque from carotid artery

What life threatening complications can result from a DVT

Pulmonary embolus

What are the typical signs/ complications of varicose veins

Swelling/ discomfort

What is removed during an endoterectomy

Plaque from carotid artery

Which artery is typically accessed for angioplasty

Femoral artery

Why do iliac aneurysms pose a greater rupture risk

Because they are undetectable

What exchanges occur in the capillaries

Oxygen and waste exchange

What is the function of valves in veins

Prevents backflow of blood

What kind of serrations do debakey/cooley instruments have

Fine, non damaging. Atraumatic

Why is the statement “peripheral vessel procedures are only performed on the extremities” false?

Because it is not just limited to the extremities (arms and legs) it is also preformed on abdomen/ pelvis, and neck