PLANT FAMILIES

plants

•have something in common and can be grouped or classified together.

•Classification could be by:

•Morphology (common plant parts)

•Therapeutically (common pharmacologic use)

•Chemical constituent (common active constituent)

Taxonomy

morphology

COMMON PLANT PARTS

Physical characteristics of plants — same leaf arrangements, flower structure, same habitat

therapeutically

common pharmacologic use

chemical constituent

with common active constituent

taxonomy

classification of organisms in an organized system that indicates natural relationships/PLANT RELATIONSHIP

plant families

•To help identify a new plant

•To give an idea what a plant looks like

carl linne (carolus linnaeus)

Swedish botanist + developed binomial nomenclature or BINARY NOMENCLATURE

BI

genus and species + genus is always capitalized + species is always written after the genus

-aceae

all plant families end with this term that means GROUP OF/FAMILY in LATIN

apiaceae

formerly Umbelliferae

aromatic plants with soft hollow stems

- Annuals

- Biennials

- Perennials

Flowers

CARROT

CELERY

PARSLEY

-Centella asiatica

-Peucedanum japonicum

•Some of well-known vegetables and herbs are in this family (Carrot, Parsnip, Celery, Fennel)

•Leaves, Stem & Roots ~ Most members of this Family are soft-stemmed annuals, biennials or perennials

annuals

plants that complete their life cycle in one annual season + some of them drop their seeds before they die

biennials

plants that complete their life cycle within 2 years + they die after 2 years

during the FIRST YEAR — produce roots, stems, leaves

during the SECOND YEAR — produce flowers and seeds

EX. carrots and parsley

perennials

synonymous with perpetual and continuing + persists growing for multiple seasons

flowers (apiaceae)

they are arranged in what we call UMBELS — flat top, rounded clusters of flowers with individual stalks that radiate from the same point + resemble UMBRELLA

- do not produce BLUE FLOWERS: lack the biochemical pathways needed to produce blue pigment

- they only have anthocyanin

- they also have carotenoids

anthocyanin

red and pink

carotenoids

creamy yellow and orange

Daucus carota

CARROT

Apium graveolens

CELERY

Petroselinum crispum

PARSLEY

Centella asiatica

•Takip kuhol

•According to NIH:

üWound healing

üEczema

üPsoriasis

üDiarrhea

üFever

Peucedanum japonicum

•Coastal hog fennel

•According to NIH:

üInflammatory-related diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)

Apocynaceae

DOGBANE/PERIWINKLE FAMILY

DOGBANE = Indian hemp — because it contains constituents that are toxic to dogs and other animals once ingested

PERIWINKLE = Madagascar periwinkle

When their leaves and stems are broken they will produce milky or latex-like sap — present in their sap are their toxic constituents

FLOWERS: usually tube-like in appearance or shaped like a funnel

A lot of its members are POISONOUS

BIKAT

PERIWINKLE

OLEANDER

- Anodendron parviflorum

- Cerbera odollam

•tropical regions (Oleander, Frangipani, Allamanda, Mandevilla)

•temperate regions (Vinca)

- sap = rubber

bikat

Indonesian name of Anodendron parviflorum

•Studies have suggested:

üCytotoxic

üAntibacterial

•Folkloric uses:

üUlcers

üVomiting

üCough

Cerbera odollam

•Pong-pong or Indian Suicide tree

•According to NIH, the seeds contain a toxin called cerberin, which causes cardiac arrest

Catharanthus roseus

PERIWINKLE

Nerium oleander

OLEANDER

asteraceae

also known as the daisy, aster, or sunflower family

formerly COMPOSITAE

composed of composite flowers — small, individual flowers put together in a single head = called DISC FLOWERS / DISC FLORETS + larger outside petals surrounding the head are called RAY FLOWERS / RAY FLORETS

GERBERA DAISY

SHASTA DAISY

DANDELION

SUNFLOWER

- Acmella grandiflora

- Blumea balsamifera

This is one of the largest plant families, It includes shrubs, perennials and annuals, but not trees or aquatics

compositae

came from the latin word Compasitus which means composed or put together

disc flower/florets

small, individual flowers put together in a single head

ray flower/florets

larger outside petals surrounding the head

Gerbera jamesonii

GERBERA DAISY

leucanthemum x superbum

SHASTA DAISY

(x = HYBRID BETWEEN 2 CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF DAISY)

Taraxacum officinale

DANDELION

Helianthus anuus

SUNFLOWER

Acmella grandiflora

•Acmella or Toothache plant

•Folkloric use:

üToothache remedy

üAnti-inflammatory

üInsecticide

üOrnamental

Blumea balsamifera

•Sambong

•Often used as:

üDiuretic

üAnti-hyperuricemic

Boraginaceae

BORAGE: falls under the genus Borago

BORAGE FAMILY/FORGET ME NOT FAMILY

Their stems leaves and flowers contains rough hairs: present because they do not have stipules

FLOWERS: arranged in a coiled inflorescence — flower arrangement where in individual flowers are arranged in a spiral (resembling scorpion's tail or helix)

FORGET ME NOT

HELIOTROPE

- Borago officinales

- Symphytum officinale

stipules

leaf like structure at the base of a stalk + 2 MAIN FUNCTION: - For protecting and supporting the growth of young leaves

- For protecting the plant from herbivores

- The rough hairs will perform these functions instead (BORAGINACEAE)

Myosotis scorpioides

FORGET ME NOT

falls under the genus Myosotis

Heliotropium arborescens

HELIOTROPE

Borago officinalis

•Borage

•Studies have suggested:

üAnti-inflammatory

üDiuretic

•Uses:

üSoothe inflammation

üEczema

Symphytum officinale

•Comfrey

•Historical uses:

üWound healing

üInflammation

brassicaceae

formerly CRUCIFERAE; CABBAGE FAMILY

flowers are composed of four petals arranged like a cross

the genus BRASSICA: important plants such as cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower

almost all parts are EDIBLE — so they are also used as food crops

they contain the metabolite GLUCOSINOLATES

CABBAGE

CAULIFLOWER

- Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis

- Raphanus sativus

Cruciferae

from the word Crucifer which means cross-bearing

Glucosinolates

they are responsible for the sharp smell and distinct taste of brassicaceae + also responsible for their health properties

Brassica oleracea var. capitata

CABBAGE

Brassica oleracea var. botrytis

CAULIFLOWER

Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis

•Pak choi, Bok choy, or Pechay

•Contains vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants

üAnti-inflammatory

•Folkloric uses:

üAnti-inflammatory

üDigestive

Raphanus sativus

•Radish or Labanos

•Folkloric uses:

üIndigestion

üFlatulence

fabaceae

pods — can contain a single seed or multiple seeds

formerly called LEGUMINOSAE/PEA FAMILY

FABA pertains to faba beans / broad beans

Some of them have the ability called Nyctinasty

Mimosa pudica (shy plant) is a member of this family

Their roots have nodules — small bumps + responsible for absorbing nitrogen from the air in the soil + they can grow in poor soil

most of them have pea type flowers

PEA

SWEET PEA

- Cajanus cajan

- Sesbania grandiflora

Nyctinasty

sleeping movements + plant movements in response to darkness

Pisum sativum

PEA

Lathyrus odoratus

SWEET PEA

Cajanus cajan

•Pigeon pea or Kadyos

•Folkloric uses:

üCough

üFever

üDigestive disorders

Sesbania grandiflora

•Sesbania, Katmon, or Katmonan

•Folkloric uses:

üAntimicrobial

üAnti-inflammatory

üAntipyretic

solanaceae

also known as POTATO FAMILY

also known as the Nightshade family Atropa belladona — deadly nightshade

Superior ovary: look at the position of the ovary in relation to other floral parts of the + ON TOP of other floral parts

POTATO

TOMATO

BELL PEPPER

TOBACO

- Capsicum frutescens

- Datura metel

Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and Thorn Apple (Datura stramonium)

Solanum tuberosum

POTATO

Solanum lycopersicum

TOMATO

Capsicum anuum

BELL PEPPER

Nicotiana tabacum

TOBACO

Capsicum frutescens

•Chili pepper or Siling labuyo

•Mainly used for culinary purposes but also serves medicinal uses:

üStimulates digestion

üRelieves nasal congestion and improves breathing

Datura metel

•Angel’s trumpet or Talampunay

•Caution is advised due to its toxicity but it has also been used for the following purposes:

üAnalgesic

üAntispasmodic

üSedative

rubiaceae

also called BEDSTRAW FAMILY — the genus Gallium = bedstraw plants — used stuffing for mattresses and beddings due to their soft and cushiony texture

Inferior ovary: BELOW the other floral parts

- Coffea arabica: native to Ethiopia but extensively naturalized in the PH

- Diplospora negrosensis: ENDEMIC to negros

- CINCHONA

Gallium

bedstraw plants — used stuffing for mattresses and beddings due to their soft and cushiony texture (RUBIACEAE)

Coffea arabica

native to Ethiopia but extensively naturalized in the PH

•Arabica coffee

•Uses:

üStimulant to increase alertness and improve cognitive function

Diplospora negrosensis

ENDEMIC to negros

Cinchona officinalis

CINCHONA

rosaceae

the rose family — genus ROSA

Their stems are characterized by thorns or prickles

FLOWERS: often large and showy

One large woody seed like the members peach and plum

Clusters of seeds like the members raspberry and blackberries

Seeds found outside the fruit like the member strawberry

EVERGREEN: remain green throughout their life

DEMULCENT: Rubus rosifolius

ROSE: genus ROSA and many species APPLE

- Sambucus nigra

- Rubus rosifolius

Rubus rosifolius

DEMULCENT: gelatinous or oily substance that is used to soothe inflamed mucous membranes and can protect the mucous membrane from further irritation

•Himalayan Blackberry, Sagmit, or Sapinit

•Folkloric uses:

üDecoction of roots as expectorant

üFruit as demulcent

üDecoction of leafy stems for fevers

Malus domestica

APPLE

Sambucus nigra

•Eldenberry

•Properties:

üImmune-boosting

üAnti-inflammatory

liliaceae

The lily family — the genus Lilium = true lilies

Leaves are characterized by parallel venation

Members are monocotyledons: only contain one cotyledon or one seed leaf

TULIPS: genus TULIPA

Lily of the Valley (Now Asparagaceae)

- Allium sativum

- Llium philippinense

Convallaria majalis

LILY OF THE VALLEY

(Now Asparagaceae)

Allium sativum

•Garlic or Bawang

•Uses:

üHyperlipidemia

üHypertension

üArteriosclerosis

Lilium philippinense

•Benguet lily or Philippine lily

•Usually used as ornaments during weddings

lamiaceae

formerly known as LABIATAE — from the word LABIUM which means 2 lips

The Mint Family

Square shaped stems

FLOWERS: two lips

The two examples given here are both native to the PH

PEPPERMINT

THYME

SPEARMINT

- Ocimum basilicum

- Coleus blumei

labiatae

from the word LABIUM which means 2 lips (LAMIACEAE)

Mentha piperita

PEPPERMINT

Thymus vulgaris

THYME

Mentha spicata

SPEARMINT

Ocimum basilicum

•Basil or Balanoy

•Uses:

üDigestive aid

üAnti-inflammatory

üAntimicrobial

Coleus blumei

•Mayana

•Folkloric uses:

üGastrointestinal problems

üHypertension

pinaceae

Trees or Shrubs

needle-like leaves with woody cones that contain their seeds

Monoecious

Dioecious

LONG LEAF PINE

BAGUIO PINE

many species (e.g. Pinus) yield oleoresin

monoecious

single house + type of plants wherein the male flower and the female flower are present in a single individual plant

dioecious

double house + the male flower is found in one plant and the female flower is found in another plant

Pinus palustris

LONG LEAF PINE

Pinus insularis

BAGUIO PINE

fagaceae

genus FAGUS — beech trees they have simple leaves with tooth margins; BEECH FAMILY

CHESTNUT

OAK TREE

Castanea sativa

CHESTNUT

Quercus robur

OAK TREE

piperaceae

genus PIPER — BLACKPEPPER

INDIAN PEPPER; PEPPER FAMILY

•leaves are usually succulent or fleshy and soft. They have simple shapes and entire edges and are often heart-shaped.

• fruits contain only one seed in each drupe-like fruit. The seeds have mealy perisperms and one tiny embryo per seed.

Piper nigrum

BLACK PEPPER

Piper longum

INDIAN PEPPER