PSYCHASSES LEC_ CH2

Wilhelm Wundt

The "Founder of Experimental Psychology.

Wilhelm Wundt

Set up the first psych lab in Leipzig (1879).

Wilhelm Wundt

He focused on standardization—making sure everyone took the test under the exact same conditions to minimize error.

Sir Francis Galton

The "Father of Psychometrics."

Sir Francis Galton

Obsessed with individual differences and heredity.

Sir Francis Galton

He created the first battery of tests (measuring head size, grip strength, etc.).

Sir Francis Galton

He also pioneered the statistical concept of Correlation (later refined by Pearson).

James McKeen Cattell

He coined the term "Mental Test" in 1890.

James McKeen Cattell

• He was Wundt’s student but got more into Galton’s vibe.

• He helped launch mental testing in the U.S.

James McKeen Cattell

co-founded The Psychological Corporation.

Alfred Binet

Created the first practical intelligence test (1905) with Theodore Simon.

Alfred Binet

Their goal: Identify Paris school kids who needed special ed.

Alfred Binet

Unlike the brass instrument guys, he focused on higher mental processes (memory, judgment).

David Wechsler

He defined intelligence as the "aggregate or global capacity" to act purposefully.

David Wechsler

He gave us the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale (the "lolo" of the WAIS and WISC we use today).

Robert Woodworth

Developed the Personal Data Sheet during WWI.

Robert Woodworth : Personal Data Sheet

It was the first widely used self-report personality test (designed to screen recruits for "shell shock").

Culture

may be defined as "the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people"

Culture - Specific Tests

tests designed for use with people from one culture but not from another, soon began to appear on the scene.

Culture Free Intelligence Test

removal of influence of culture to the measurement of intelligence.

Culture Fair Test

created by Raymond Cattell devoid of sociocultural and environmental influences.

Culture Loading

the extent to which a test incorporates the vocabulary. concepts, traditions, knowledge.

Laws

are rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole-or rules thought to be for the good of society as a whole.

Ethics

is a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct.

Code of Professional Ethics

is recognized and accepted by members of a profession, it defines the standard of care expected of members of that profession.

Level A

Tests or aids that can adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and a general orientation to the kind of institution or organization in which one is working (for instance, achievement or proficiency tests).

Level B

Tests or aids that require some technical knowledge of test construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields such as statistics, individual differences, psychology of adjustment, personnel psychology, and guidance (eg, aptitude tests and adjustment inventories applicable to normal populations).

Level C

Tests and aids that require substantial understanding of testing and supporting psychological fields together with supervised experience in the use of these devices (for instance, projective tests, individual mental tests).

Culture loading

A psychologist gives an intelligence test developed entirely in the United States to a group of Filipino students. The test contains idioms, traditions, and historical references unfamiliar to the students. What issue is MOST evident?

Culture-fair intelligence test

A researcher wants to measure intelligence while minimizing the effects of a person's cultural background, language, and educational experiences. Which type of test would best fit the purpose?

A. Culture-fair test

A school psychologist chooses a test specifically designed to minimize sociocultural and environmental influences on intelligence. The test was developed based on the work of Raymond Cattell. What type of test is being described?v

Culture Loading

refers to the extent that a test incorporates vocabulary, concepts, traditions, and knowledge associated with a particular culture.

Culture-free intelligence test

aim to remove or minimize cultural influences in the measurement of intelligence.

culture-fair intelligence tests

Raymond Cattell developed _____ intended to reduce sociocultural and environmental influences.

Culture Loading

A test contains questions requiring students to understand a tradition that is common in one country but unfamiliar in another. What does this BEST illustrate?

Test-user qualification

A psychology student wants to administer a test but has not received the training or qualification required to use it. Which consideration should the student prioritize?

Level A

A teacher administers a basic achievement test that can be properly administered and scored by following the test manual and receiving general orientation. Which qualification level does this MOST likely represent?

Level A

____ tests can generally be administered, scored, and interpreted with the help of the manual and general orientation.

Level B

A psychologist is using an aptitude test. The test requires knowledge of statistics, individual differences, psychology, and test construction. Which qualification level is appropriate?

Level B

tests require technical knowledge of testing and supporting psychological and educational fields.

Level C

A clinical psychology trainee is asked to administer a projective test. The test requires substantial knowledge of psychological testing and supervised experience. Which qualification level is appropriate?

Level C

____ tests require substantial psychological knowledge and supervised experience, including many projective and individual mental tests.

The person lacks the required qualification

A person with only general knowledge of testing attempts to administer a projective test without supervision. What is the MAIN ethical problem?

Competence

A psychologist refuses to administer a psychological test to someone because the psychologist has not been trained to use that particular test. What ethical principle is being demonstrated?

Increased cultural bias

A test developer creates a test using vocabulary and concepts that are highly familiar to one cultural group but unfamiliar to another. What problem might this create?

Whether cultural factors may influence performance

A psychologist discovers that a test contains concepts based heavily on Western culture. Before using it with Filipino participants, what should the psychologist consider FIRST?

Level B

A psychological test requires the user to understand statistics, test construction, individual differences, and guidance. Which test-user qualification level does this describe?

Level A

A test administrator follows the manual carefully but has only a general orientation to the institution where the test is being used. The test is an achievement test. Which level is MOST appropriate?

Level A

Achievement or proficiency tests are examples of tests that generally fall under

Level B

technical and supporting psychological/educational knowledge associated with ____.

Obtain appropriate training and supervised experience

A psychologist wants to use an individual mental test with a client but has never received supervised experience using such tests. What should the psychologist do?

Laws are rules enforced for society, while ethics concern principles of right and proper conduct

A researcher argues that laws and ethics are exactly the same because both tell people what to do. Which response is MOST accurate?

Ethical responsibility

A psychologist follows the professional code even though a particular action is not specifically prohibited by law. What does this demonstrate?

The psychologist may be overlooking cultural influences

A Filipino examinee performs poorly on a test because several questions depend on knowledge of customs that are common in the test's country of origin. The psychologist immediately concludes that the examinee has low intelligence. What is the BIGGEST concern?

Projective tests require more substantial psychological knowledge and supervised experience

A psychologist wants to use a projective personality test. Compared with a basic achievement test, why would the psychologist need a higher qualification?

Culture loading

A school plans to use a psychological test developed for another country. Before interpreting the results of Filipino students, the psychologist examines whether the test's vocabulary, concepts, traditions, and knowledge are culturally appropriate. What concept is MOST directly being considered?

Culture

socially transmitted behaviors, beliefs, and products of a group

Culture Free

attempts to remove cultural influence

Culture-Fair (Cattell)

designed to minimize sociocultural/environmental influences

Culture Loading

amount of cultural vocabulary, concepts, traditions, and knowledge in a test

Level A

basic tests; manual + general orientation

Level B

technical knowledge + statistics/psychology/testing

Level C

substantial psychological knowledge + supervised experience; projective/individual mental tests

Law

rules that must be obeyed

Ethics

• principles of right/proper/good conduct