History Test: Unit 1 test Terms

Navajo code talkers

A group of Native American Marines who developed and used a secrete, uncrackable code based on the Navajo language to transmit vital battlefield information during World War II.

Totem Poles

The large, carved sculptures created by the indigenous peoples of north american pacific northwest coats, such as the haida and tlingit, to represent family histories, clan crests, important event to honor deceased individuals.

Anasazi

Lived in the American southwest, primarily in the four corners region, and are known for their distinctive architecture including cliff dwellings and large pueblo villages.

Koko Pelli

Ancient fertility deity of some Native American cultures in the Southwest whose image has become a modern icon and a symbol of cultural appropriation.

Metacomet

Was the wampanoag sachem (chief) who led an alliance of native american tribes in king philip's war against english colonists in New England.

Iroquois Tribes

a confederacy of six related First Nations: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora

Jamestown

The first permanent english settlement in North America, founded in 1607 .

Sea Dogs

were english privateers and adventurers who raided spanish ships and settlements with the blessing of queen elizabeth I.

Sir francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and Sir Walter Raleigh were the big three sea dogs.

Who were the big three sea dogs?

The defeat of the spanish armada, sinking their ship

1588

New spain

The vast spain colonial territory in the Americas and the Pacific that existed from the spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521 until mexico's independence in 1821.

Joint - Stock Company

A business enterprise , charted by the English crown, where numerous investors pooled money by buying shares to finance risky adventures like the colonization of the New World. These companies provides the capital for colonies such as jamestown.

John Smith

English soilder, explorer and author instrumental in establishing the first permanent ENglish settlement at Jamestown Virginia, in 1607. (pocahontas saved him)

John Rolfe

A Jamestown Colony settler credited with cultivating the first profitable tobacco crop in Virginia and marrying the Native American princess Pocahontas in 1614.

Indentured servant

A system where a person signs a contract to work for a landowner or master for specified period, typically 4 to 7 years, in exchange for a passage to a new country ,and room and board

House of Burgesses

the first democratically elected legislative assembly in the American Colonies .

Magna Carta

A 1215 English charter established the principle that the king is subject to law, not above it.

Anglican Pilgrims

A group of separatists who left the church of England (The anglican church) and , seeking freedom to practice their religion, settled plymouth colony in 1602.

Mayflower

The merchant ship that carried 102 english colonists, known as the pilgrims, from england to north america in 1620, leading to the founding of the plymouth colony in present-day massachusetts.

Squanto

A member of the Patuxet tribe who served as a crucial interpreter and guide for the plymouth colonists in 1621.

John Winthrop

was a prominent english puritan lawyer and leader who served as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was crucial in its founding.

Harvard College

The nation's oldest institution of higher learning, founded in 1636.

Cotton Mather

prominent and controversial Puritan minister, writer, and scientist in colonial America, known for his extensive writings

Nathaniel Hawthorne

A major 19th -century american novelist and short story writer

Roger Williams

English clergyman, theologian, and founder of rhode island in 1636 , known for championing religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Blue laws

a state or local statue that restricted commercial recreational activities on sundays and on religious holidays. Most blue laws focused on prohibiting alcohol sales or enforcing sunday closures.

Tituba

An enslaved woman of likely indigenous Arawak (south american) descent who became a key figure in the 1962 Salem witch trials. She was enslaved by reverend Samuel Parris in Salem Village.

Middle colonies

a group of four British North american colonies---- New York, delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.

Quakers

English Christians who founded the Pennsylvania colony under William Penn, establishing a legacy of social reform centered on Quaker "Testimonies"

WIlliam Penn

Known as the english Quaker leader who founded Pennsylvania, ca colony established as a haven for religious minorities based on principles of religious tolerance and democratic governance.

Philadelphia

Its critical role in american revolution and the founding of the united states, serving as the location for the signing of the declaration of independence and drafting of the constitution.

Ben Franklin

A key Founding father, a prominent scientist and inventor, a successful printer and author, a dedicated civic leader and a crucial diplomat who helped secure french support for the american revolution

Lord Baltimore

refers to either George Calvert, the 1st baron baltimore, who projected the founding of maryland or his son Cecilius Calvert 2nd Baron Baltimore, to whom the royal charter for Maryland was actually granted.

"Headright system"

a land-grant system used by the Virginia Company and other colonies,beginning in 1618, that granted a parcel of land to any person who paid to transport a new settler or "headright" to the colony

James Oglethorpe

British military leader, politician, and social reformer best known as the founder and first governor of the colony of georgia

"Middle Passage"

was the brutal, forced sea journey across the Atlantic ocean where millions of enslaved africans were transported to the Americas as a part of the Transatlantic slave trade.

Timbuktu

a symbol of distance and remoteness, used to describe a place "far,far away" or an "outlandish" location.

meaning developed in the 19th century from stories and European travelers' accounts of the real Timbuktu

"House of slaves"

an enslaved person who performed domestic labor inside the enslaver home, such as cooking, cleaning and serving family.

Crispus Attacks

a dock worker of African and Native descent who became the first casualty of the boston massacre on march 5, 1770, when british soldiers fired on a crowd.

Slave Codes

a set of discriminatory laws in colonial America and the antebellum United States that defined enslaved people as property, restricting their basic rights to prevent rebellion and maintain white supremacy.

Kwanza

A secular, seven-day holiday created in 1966 by Maulana Karenga to celebrate Black VUlture, unity and heritage

Oral Tradition

the cultural and historical knowledge, including personal memories and community stories , passed down through speech rather than written records

Phillis Wheatly

tHe first African American author of a published book of poetry, a celebrated poet of the American Revolution, and one of the first enslaved people in america to achieve widespread acclaim for her work.

John Peter Zewgee

A german printer in colonial New York who printed the New York Weekly

Age of reason

refers to the age of enlightenment, a philosophical and cultural movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and natural law over tradition and established doctrines, inspiring the American Revolution and principles of modern democratic societies.

John Locke

the 17th century english philosopher whose theories on natural rights, the social contract, limited government and the right to revolution directly influenced the American Revolution and the foundational principles of the US.

Isaac Newton

famous in world history for developing the laws of motion, universal gravitation, and calculus

Yale college

established in 1701 as the Collegiate School to provide clergy training and preserve liberal arts traditions in the American colonies

Rousseau

an enlightenment philosopher whose ideas about the "general will" and the social contract influenced the development of democratic thought and government.

Montesquieu

defined by his theory of separation of powers, which is heavily influenced the framers of the US constitution to divide the federal government into three different branches.

Jonathan Edwards

american theologian and congregational clergyman

Great awakening

a series of protestant christian revivals that swept through the american colonies

libel

the publication of a false written statement that harms someone's reputation

Slander

slander is a false harmful spoken statement that damages someone's name

1st amendment

a part of the United states constitution that protects five fundamental rights: the freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press, the right to peaceably assemble, and the right to petition the government.

mercantilism

an economic system from the 16th to 18th centuries where European powers controlled colonies to extract raw materials and sell manufactured goods, aiming to accumulate national wealth

Samuel de champlain

a french explorer where founded quebec in 1608 and established the first permanent french settlement in. North ameica, laying the groundwork for "new france".

Seven Years War

a global conflict fought between Great Britain and France over colonial territories and dominance

George washington

the military officer and statesmen who served as the commander-in-chief of the continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, leading it to victory.

Continental Army

The army of the thirteen american colonies, formed by the second continental congress in 1775 during the american revolutionary war.

George III

was the king of great britain and ireland the longest-reigning monarch before queen victoria (1769-1820)

Proclamation Act of 1763

prohibited colonial settlement west of the appalachian mountains to maintain peace with Native American tribes and regulate territories.

(no colonists could build homes west of the Appalachian Mountains)

Writs of assistance

a general search warrant issued by british courts to customs officials, allowing them to search for anything without probable cause or permission.

Stamp act

a 1765 british parliamentary act that imposed the first direct tax of the American colonies, requiring colonists to pay a tax on all printed paper

Samuel Adams

a pivotal American revolutionary leader and politician from boston, known for organizing resistance to british rule, including the boston tea party and for advocating for colonial rights and independence.

John adams

a leading advocate for american independence, a key figure in the continental congress, the first US vice president and second US president and one of the founding fathers

John hancock

a wealthy boston merchant, patriot leader, and a central figure in the American revolution, the first to sign the declaration of independence with a large signature.

Paul Revere

a boston silversmith, propagandist and a patriot who became a hero for his midnight ride to warm colonists that the british troops were approaching.

Boston Massacre

a deadly confrontation on March 5, 1770, when british soldiers fired into a crowd of angry colonists.

Boston Tea Party

was political protest on december 16th, 1773 where american colonists disguised as indigenous americans, boarded british ships and dumped chests of tea into the Harbor.

Name the 3 english sea dogs?

Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and Sir Walter Raleigh

What were columbus's 3 ships named?

The Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria

What are the three branches of government?

Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Branches.