APUSH Period 4 Key Info

Election of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power (“Revolution of 1800”); tie between Jefferson/Burr decided in House with Hamilton’s support

12th Amendment

Required separate electoral votes for president and VP to prevent ties like 1800

Jefferson’s Inaugural Address

Called for unity (“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”) and neutrality

Jefferson Simplifies Presidency

Reduces military, repeals whiskey tax, cuts federal jobs, lowers debt, informal style

Barbary Wars

Jefferson refuses tribute; sends U.S. Navy to fight pirates; shows willingness to use federal power

Embargo Act of 1807

Banned all U.S. foreign trade to pressure Britain/France; hurt U.S. economy; repealed 1809

Louisiana Purchase

U.S. buys territory from France for $15M; doubles U.S.; Jefferson shifts from strict to loose interpretation

Judicial Review

Power of SCOTUS to declare laws unconstitutional (Marbury v. Madison)

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review; SCOTUS said Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

McCulloch v. Maryland

National Bank constitutional (elastic clause); states can’t tax federal institutions (supremacy clause)

Gibbons v. Ogden

Congress has exclusive power over interstate commerce

Worcester v. Georgia

Cherokee are a distinct political community; states have no authority over Native nations

War Hawks

Young Dem-Reps (Clay, Calhoun) pushing for war and westward expansion

Causes of War of 1812

Impressment, British support of Natives, War Hawks, trade restrictions

Treaty of Ghent

Ended War of 1812; no territory changes; “status quo ante bellum”

Hartford Convention

Federalist meeting criticizing war; seen as disloyal; kills Federalist Party

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson’s big victory; boosts nationalism despite happening after peace treaty

Effects of War of 1812

Rise of nationalism, death of Federalists, increased manufacturing, westward expansion

Market Revolution

Shift from home production to factory system; huge economic transformation

Factory System

Centralized production using machines and labor

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized gun components; speeds mass production

Cotton Gin

Machine that increased cotton production and slavery demand

Steamboat

Faster water travel; boosts trade (Fulton)

Canals

Lowered shipping costs; connected regions (ex: Erie Canal)

Railroads

Expanded markets; sped transport

Telegraph

Rapid communication across long distances (Morse)

Urbanization

Growth of cities due to factories and immigration

Irish Immigration

Settled in cities; unskilled labor; potato famine push factor

German Immigration

Settled Midwest; skilled labor; fleeing political turmoil

Era of Good Feelings

Monroe’s presidency; nationalism + one-party rule but rising sectionalism

American System

Henry Clay’s plan: tariffs, Bank, internal improvements (TEAM)

Missouri Compromise

Maine free, Missouri slave, 36°30’ line for future territories

Monroe Doctrine

Europe must not colonize Western Hemisphere; U.S. stays out of Europe’s affairs

Adams-Onís Treaty

U.S. gains Florida; sets boundary with Spanish territory

Noah Webster’s Speller

Standardizes American English; promotes nationalism

Jacksonian Democracy

Expanded suffrage and political participation for white men

Spoils System

Rewarding supporters with government jobs

Rotation in Office

Frequent turnover to promote equality (in theory)

Indian Removal Act

Forced relocation of Native tribes to west (Trail of Tears)

Trail of Tears

Cherokee forced removal; thousands died

Bank War

Jackson vetoes Bank recharter; withdraws federal funds to “pet banks”

Specie Circular

Required gold/silver for land purchases; helped trigger Panic of 1837

Maysville Road Veto

Jackson vetoed federal funding for intrastate project

Nullification Crisis

SC tried to nullify tariff; Jackson enforced federal power with Force Bill

Force Bill

Allowed Jackson to use military to enforce federal law

Election of 1824

No majority; House chose Adams; “corrupt bargain” with Clay

Election of 1828

First modern campaign; mudslinging; huge voter turnout; Jackson wins

Democrats

Jackson’s party; limited federal gov., anti-Bank, anti-tariff, farmers/frontiersmen

Whigs

Pro-American System, strong government, pro-Bank, northern business interests

Election of 1836

Van Buren wins; Whigs run multiple candidates to split vote (fails)

Panic of 1837

Economic depression caused by Bank War + Specie Circular

Independent Treasury

Van Buren’s system separating gov funds from banks

Election of 1840

Harrison (Whig) wins with “log cabin” campaign

Middle Class

Formed due to factories and increased wealth

Cult of Domesticity

Ideal of women as moral guardians of home

Separate Spheres

Men = public sphere; women = private sphere

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment; especially toward Irish Catholics

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing salvation for all and emotional preaching

Differences from First GA

More emotional, democratic, focused on social reform

Burned-Over District

Area in NY with intense revival activity

Temperance Movement

Reduce alcohol use; driven by moral and social concerns

Common School Movement

Horace Mann’s push for public education

Asylum Reform

Dorothea Dix’s movement to improve treatment of mentally ill

Abolition Movement

Movement to end slavery; gained momentum from SGA

Women’s Rights Movement

Began with reform involvement; early roots before Seneca Falls

Utopian Communities

Ideal societies like Brook Farm

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist communal experiment focusing on equality and creativity

Transcendentalism

Emphasized individualism, nature, and intuition

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Leading transcendentalist; wrote “Self-Reliance”

Henry David Thoreau

Author of Walden; advocated civil disobedience