Chem 30

inorganic compounds

- Oxides of carbon (CO, CO2)

- Cyanides (NaCN)

- Carbonates (CaCo3)

- Carbides (SiC)

Prefix for number of substiture groups

2: di

3: tri

4: tetra

5: pent

6: hex

7:hept

Root names for carbon atoms

meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec

Alkanes

- CnH2n+2

- Number of carbon atoms begins with the nearest branch

- When a molecule has two or more branches list them alphabetically

Cycloalkanes

- CnH2n

- If there is one branch, no numbering required

- If there is 2 or more branches, the #1 branch is given alphabetically.

Alkenes

- CnH2n

- double bond

- Chain is numbered closest to the multiple bond (closest to double bond)

- Possible isomers for even parent chains

Alkynes

- CnH2n-2

- triple bond

- Triple bond has to be lowest number possible

Cycloalkene

- CnH2n-2

- Double bond is always numbered as 1 and 2

- List branches in alphabetical order

Cycloalkyne

- CnH2n-4

- Triple bond is always numbered as carbon 1 and 2

- List branches in alphabetical order

Aromatics

- benzenes

- CnH2n-6

- Benzene is sometimes considered as a branch called phenyl

- If only one branch, no numbering necessary

- If more than one branch, number them so they get the lowest sequence and then list alphabetically

Organic halides

- A hydrogen is replaced by a halogen (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-)

- list the branches alphabetically and give the lowest number sequence

Alcohols

- OH gets the lowest number

- if the suffix starts with a vowel, drop the e, if it starts with a consonant, keep the e

Carboxylic acid

- Count the longest carbon chain, including the carbon in the carboxyl group

- Numbering begins at the carboxyl group, which will always be carbon #1

- If there's a cyclic carboxylic acid, carbon 1 is the carbon attached to the carboxyl group.

Esters

- Count the longest carbon chain, including the carbon in the ester group

- Numbering begins at the ester group, which will always be carbon #1

- If there's a cyclic ester, \ carbon 1 is the carbon attached to the ester group.

Insoluble organic compounds (non-polar)

- Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes

- Aromatics

- alcohols with 7+ carbons

- Esters with 5+ carbons

- organic Halides with 5+ carbons

Soluble organic compounds (polar)

- Carboxylic acids

- Alcohols with less than 7 carbons

- Esters with less than 5 carbons

- Organic halides with less than 5 carbons

Boiling point from highest to lowest

- Carboxylic acids (LD, DD, HB_

- Alcohols (LD, DD, HB)

- Esters (LD, DD)

- Organic halides (LD, DD)

- Aromatics (LD)

- Alkynes (LD)

- Alkanes (LD)

- Alkenes (LD)

A we ___________ the number of carbons, the boiling point will _______________ because of the ________________----

increase, increase, strong LD forces

Cracking (thermal): breaks longer hydrocarbon chains into smaller fragments

Requires heats and pressure

- Requires H2 molecules

Reforming: longer hydrocarbon molecules are formed from smaller hydrocarbon molecules

- Opposite of cracking

- requires heat and pressure

- produces H2 molecules