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inorganic compounds
- Oxides of carbon (CO, CO2)
- Cyanides (NaCN)
- Carbonates (CaCo3)
- Carbides (SiC)
Prefix for number of substiture groups
2: di
3: tri
4: tetra
5: pent
6: hex
7:hept
Root names for carbon atoms
meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
Alkanes
- CnH2n+2
- Number of carbon atoms begins with the nearest branch
- When a molecule has two or more branches list them alphabetically
Cycloalkanes
- CnH2n
- If there is one branch, no numbering required
- If there is 2 or more branches, the #1 branch is given alphabetically.
Alkenes
- CnH2n
- double bond
- Chain is numbered closest to the multiple bond (closest to double bond)
- Possible isomers for even parent chains
Alkynes
- CnH2n-2
- triple bond
- Triple bond has to be lowest number possible
Cycloalkene
- CnH2n-2
- Double bond is always numbered as 1 and 2
- List branches in alphabetical order
Cycloalkyne
- CnH2n-4
- Triple bond is always numbered as carbon 1 and 2
- List branches in alphabetical order
Aromatics
- benzenes
- CnH2n-6
- Benzene is sometimes considered as a branch called phenyl
- If only one branch, no numbering necessary
- If more than one branch, number them so they get the lowest sequence and then list alphabetically
Organic halides
- A hydrogen is replaced by a halogen (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-)
- list the branches alphabetically and give the lowest number sequence
Alcohols
- OH gets the lowest number
- if the suffix starts with a vowel, drop the e, if it starts with a consonant, keep the e
Carboxylic acid
- Count the longest carbon chain, including the carbon in the carboxyl group
- Numbering begins at the carboxyl group, which will always be carbon #1
- If there's a cyclic carboxylic acid, carbon 1 is the carbon attached to the carboxyl group.
Esters
- Count the longest carbon chain, including the carbon in the ester group
- Numbering begins at the ester group, which will always be carbon #1
- If there's a cyclic ester, \ carbon 1 is the carbon attached to the ester group.
Insoluble organic compounds (non-polar)
- Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes
- Aromatics
- alcohols with 7+ carbons
- Esters with 5+ carbons
- organic Halides with 5+ carbons
Soluble organic compounds (polar)
- Carboxylic acids
- Alcohols with less than 7 carbons
- Esters with less than 5 carbons
- Organic halides with less than 5 carbons
Boiling point from highest to lowest
- Carboxylic acids (LD, DD, HB_
- Alcohols (LD, DD, HB)
- Esters (LD, DD)
- Organic halides (LD, DD)
- Aromatics (LD)
- Alkynes (LD)
- Alkanes (LD)
- Alkenes (LD)
A we ___________ the number of carbons, the boiling point will _______________ because of the ________________----
increase, increase, strong LD forces
Cracking (thermal): breaks longer hydrocarbon chains into smaller fragments
Requires heats and pressure
- Requires H2 molecules
Reforming: longer hydrocarbon molecules are formed from smaller hydrocarbon molecules
- Opposite of cracking
- requires heat and pressure
- produces H2 molecules