Anatomy and Physiology of Tissues

Flashcards on tissues, including types, characteristics, and related medical conditions.

Tissues

Muscular, nervous, epithelium, and connective.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Epithelium

Covering and lining of body cavities and forms the majority of glands.

Avascular

Epithelium tissue that does not contain blood vessels.

Apical Surface

Epithelium tissue that interacts with the external environment.

Basement Membrane

Epithelium and connective tissues with collagen fibers that form a selective barrier.

Epithelium physiology

Provides covering, selective permeability, secretions via exocrine or endocrine glands, and sensations.

Neuroepithelium

Specialized epithelium responsible for sight, taste, smell, hearing, and balance.

Squamous

Flat epithelium cells.

Cuboidal

Cube-shaped epithelium cells performing absorption and secretion.

Columnar

Tall and slender epithelium cells.

Keratinized Squamous Cells

Dead skin cells that cannot perform mitosis.

Ciliated Columnar

Columnar cells with hair-like structures (cilia) for secretion movement.

Transitional Epithelium

Shows columnar, cuboidal, and squamous cells, found in tissues that stretch.

Connective Tissue

Connects structures, allows for nutrient transport, includes proper cartilage, bone, and blood.

Muscle Tissue Types

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Nervous Tissue Cells

Neuron and neuroglia.

Glands

Can be classified as endocrine or exocrine.

Endocrine Glands

Do not have a duct, produce secretions for the internal environment, mostly hormones.

Exocrine Glands

Have a duct, produce secretions for the external environment, include sweat, mammary, and salivary glands.

Acinus

Grape-like clusters in multicellular exocrine glands that produce secretions.

Simple Glands

Have one duct, not branched.

Compound Glands

Have ducts that are branched.

Tubular Glands

Gland with secretion portion shaped like a tube.

Acinar Glands

Gland with a secretion portion shaped like a grape.

Merocrine Glands

Package secretions into a vesicle and release that vesicle into the duct.

Apocrine Glands

Pinch off a portion of their plasma membrane to become their secretion.

Holocrine Glands

Produce secretions by accumulating in a cell and causing that cell to disintegrate.

Connective Tissue Components

Cells, fibers, and a ground substance.

Connective Tissue Functions

Attachment, support, protection, and transport.

Fibroblasts

Immature cells that produce fibers.

Chondroblasts

Immature cartilage cells.

Osteoblasts

Immature bone cells.

Chondrocytes

Mature cartilage cells.

Osteocyte

Mature Bone Cells

Adipocytes

Fat cells that store nutrients and provide insulation.

Leukocytes

Mature white blood cells that respond to injury or foreign invaders.

Collagen Fibers

Strongest type of fiber, resists stretching.

Reticular Fibers

Thinner collagen fibers that branch and provide flexibility.

Elastic Fibers

Fibers formed by elastin; they stretch and return to their natural shape.

Ground Substance

Nonliving material that holds fibers and cells in place.

Hyaline Cartilage

Most abundant type of cartilage.

Elastic Cartilage

Located in ears and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

Toughest type of cartilage, resists compression, absorbs shock.

Scurvy

Connective tissue disease caused by vitamin C deficiency leading to weak fibers.

Atrophy

Shrinkage of tissue due to a decrease in cell size or number.

Necrosis

Tissue death.

Hypertrophy

Increase in the size of cells within a tissue.

Hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells for a tissue.

Neoplasia

Abnormal increase in cells often associated with tumor formation.