WHAP unit 3

What influenced European technologies?

Islamic and Asian control

What are lateen sails used for?

Sailing in the direction of the wind

What ship types were used during exploration?

Caravel, carrack, fluyt

What is the significance of the 'horse latitudes'?

Sailors dumped horses overboard to reduce weight during slow crossings

Who led the first state-supported exploration?

Prince Henry the Navigator

What was Prince Henry's quest?

To find a sea route to India and establish trade with Africa

What did Vasco da Gama accomplish?

His fleet reached India

What was the outcome of Magellan's expedition?

One ship and 40 men returned after claiming the Philippines for Spain

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between hemispheres

What diseases did Europeans bring to the Americas?

Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria

What cash crops were produced on plantations in the Americas?

Sugar, tobacco, coffee

What did enslaved Africans contribute to American agriculture?

Foods like okra and rice, and agricultural knowledge

What is mercantilism?

Economic doctrine favoring core nations with self-serving policies

Who were the key figures in the Spanish conquests?

Vasco de Balboa, Hernan Cortes, Francisco Pizarro

What was the focus of British and French North America?

Agricultural settlements established by religious outcasts

What was the impact of the Thirty Years War?

5-8 million killed and loss of Catholic political influence

What did Martin Luther advocate?

Salvation by faith alone and the 95 theses

What was the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

Efforts to combat Protestantism through education and missionary work

What was established by the Treaty of Westphalia?

State sovereignty over religion

What was the role of the Jesuit order?

To combat Protestantism and promote education

What technology changed during the Northern Renaissance?

The moveable-type printing press

What was the significance of the Battle of Lepanto?

Victory of the Spanish/Italian fleet over the Ottomans

What was the economic impact of European exploration?

Increased profits and corporate ventures like trading companies

What was the main goal of early Spanish colonies?

Conquest and easy gold

What ended the Byzantine Empire?

The capture of Constantinople by Mehmed II in 1453.

Who founded the Ottoman state?

Osman Bey around 1299.

What was the Edict of Nantes?

A 1598 decree that granted religious tolerance to Protestants in France.

What did Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau do?

Revoked the Edict of Nantes, leading to the exile of French Protestants.

What system organized non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire?

The Millet system.

What was the role of the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?

An elite infantry corps originally recruited from Christian boys.

What was the timar system?

Land grants given to cavalrymen in exchange for military service.

What led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

Hereditary tax farming contracts and corruption within the Janissary corps.

What is the main belief of Sunni Islam?

Caliphs should be chosen by consensus, not by hereditary succession.

Who was the first rightful caliph in Sunni Islam?

Abu Bakr.

What is the main belief of Shi'a Islam?

Caliphate should be hereditary, passing through Muhammad's family.

Who established the Safavid Empire?

Shah Ismail I in 1501.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Chaldiran?

The Ottoman Empire won against the Safavid Empire.

What did the Safavid Empire enforce as its official state religion?

Shi'a Islam.

What was the Qizilbash?

Dedicated religious warriors of the Safavid Empire.

What was the impact of the Safavid Empire on Persian identity?

It made Shi'a Islam a defining part of Persian identity.

What was a consequence of the decline of the timar system?

The rise of a quasi-feudal landed elite and weakened central control.

What motivated Ottoman expansion?

Attraction of Muslim warriors by faith and the promise of Christian plunder.

What was the role of the Grand Vizier in the Ottoman Empire?

Chief advisor to the sultan with substantial power.

What was the significance of the Ottoman navy?

Crucial in the conquest of Constantinople and expansion into the Mediterranean.

What did the Ottoman Empire represent to European kingdoms?

The most powerful rival during the 15th-17th centuries.

What was the jizya tax?

A tax paid by non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire.

What was the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and European trade routes?

Control of key routes forced Europeans to seek alternative sea routes.

What was the primary cause of religious persecution in Europe during this period?

Religious wars and conflicts between different Christian sects.

What characterized the Ottoman approach to religious tolerance?

Recognition of Jews and Christians as 'People of the Book' under Islamic law.

What was the impact of nationalism on the Ottoman millet system?

It became strained as nationalism spread.

What period is referred to as the golden age of Persian art, architecture, and literature?

The reign of Shah Abbas the Great.

Who reorganized the Safavid Empire to strengthen central control?

Shah Abbas the Great.

What military change did Shah Abbas implement?

He ended the use of Qizilbash troops and created a standing army of Ghulams.

What was the capital of the Safavid Empire moved to by Shah Abbas?

Isfahan.

What led to the decline of the Safavid Empire?

Corruption, loss of trade revenue, and military conflicts.

What religious conflict characterized the Safavid-Mughal wars?

The conflict between Sunni and Shi'a Islam.

Who founded the Mughal Empire?

Babur.

What was the significance of the First Battle of Panipat in 1526?

It marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire in India.

What was the Mughal Empire's approach to religious tolerance?

Akbar eliminated the jizya tax for non-Muslims and encouraged religious dialogue.

What is Sikhism and when did it emerge?

Sikhism is a religion that emerged in the 15th century in North India, influenced by Islam and Hinduism.

What role did zamindars play in the Mughal tax system?

They were local landholders who collected taxes from peasants on behalf of the Mughal government.

What was the Haijin policy in Ming China?

A sea ban that put international trade under government monopoly.

What was the sakoku policy in Tokugawa Japan?

A restrictive foreign trade policy that limited trade and banned Christianity.

What was the role of Tokugawa samurai compared to Ottoman Janissaries?

Tokugawa samurai were hereditary warriors, while Janissaries were Christian boys taken from conquered territories.

What economic changes occurred during the Ming Dynasty?

Taxes were collected in hard currency, primarily silver.

What currency did the Ming Dynasty require for tax payments?

Silver coins.

Who overthrew the Ming Dynasty and established the Qing Dynasty?

The Manchus.

What was the dual administration system in Qing China?

High-ranking officials were mostly Manchu, but Han officials helped administer the empire.

What was the significance of Qing Imperial portraits?

They were used to legitimize Manchu rule and connect to Chinese traditions.