Genitourinary: Renal Failure and Bladder Cancer

These vocabulary flashcards cover the key concepts of Acute and Chronic Renal Failure, including stages, dialysis methods, urinary symptoms, and bladder cancer treatments based on the lecture notes.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

An emerging term referring to varying degrees of renal impairment where nephrons fail to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances and cannot remove nitrogenous waste.

Serum Urea (BUN)

A laboratory value that accumulates when protein is broken down; levels rise during renal failure.

Serum Creatinine (CR)

A waste product of the muscles and a good indicator of kidney function; levels rise as toxic wastes accumulate in acute renal failure.

Initiation (Onset) Phase

The first phase of acute kidney injury where signs and symptoms appear within hours or days, characterized by decreased urine output and alteration in electrolytes.

Oliguric-Anuric Phase

The phase of AKI where reduced blood flow leads to acute tubular necrosis, resulting in increased $CR$, $UR$, $K$, and $MG$.

Acute Tubular Necrosis

The death of cells in the collecting tubules of the nephrons, often occurring during the oliguric-anuric phase of renal failure.

Diuresis Phase

A phase of AKI characterized by a gradual increase in urine output as glomerular filtration recovered, though the client remains uremic and unable to concentrate urine.

Recovery Phase

The final phase of acute renal failure involving the return of normal renal function, which can take $3-12$ months.

Renal Insufficiency Stage

A stage of chronic renal failure that occurs when $75\%$ of nephron function is lost.

End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

Stage $5$ of chronic renal failure, occurring when $85-90\%$ of nephrons are lost.

Uremic Frost

A condition in chronic renal failure where the skin becomes an excretory organ for uremia, appearing as white crystals on the skin.

Uremic Fetor

A gastrointestinal assessment finding in chronic renal failure involving a urine-like odor on the breath.

Stage 1 Chronic Kidney Disease

Kidney damage with normal kidney function, characterized by a GFR of $90$ or higher and $90-100\%$ function.

Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (Kidney Failure)

The most severe stage of CKD characterized by a GFR of less than $15$ and less than $15\%$ kidney function.

Hemodialysis

A procedure for filtering blood that requires transporting it through a dialyzer, which acts as a semipermeable membrane filter within a machine.

Peritoneal Dialysis

A type of dialysis that uses the peritoneum (the lining of the abdomen) as a semipermeable membrane to filter wastes, fluid, and chemicals.

Exchange

One full cycle of peritoneal dialysis consisting of three phases: inflow, dwell, and drain.

Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF)

The preferred vascular access for hemodialysis, created by the surgical connection of a vein and artery, usually in the forearm.

Disequilibrium Syndrome

A potential complication of hemodialysis that requires monitoring the client's level of consciousness (LOC).

Anuria

Technically no urination, defined as a $24$-hour urine output of less than $100\,mL$.

Oliguria

A diminished amount of urine, defined as a $24$-hour urine output between $100\,mL$ and $400\,mL$.

Dysuria

Painful or difficult urination often associated with urinary tract infections or interstitial cystitis.

Pneumaturia

The passage of urine containing gas, which may indicate a fistula between the bowel and bladder.

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

The most common type of malignant tumor of the urinary tract affecting the bladder.

Nephrostomy Tube

A urinary diversion device consisting of a tube placed from the kidney directly to the outside of the abdomen.

Ileoconduit

A urinary diversion involving the implantation of the ureters into a $12\,cm$ loop of ileum leading to a stoma on the abdominal surface.

Indiana Pouch

A continent urinary diversion where the surgeon introduces the ureters into a segment of ileum and cecum, which is then drained periodically by a catheter.