TEAS SCIENCE

Respiratory Function

Gas exchange: O2 in, CO2 out.

Alveoli Function

Location of gas exchange.

Inhalation Process

Diaphragm contracts downward; pressure drops; air enters.

Exhalation Process

Diaphragm relaxes upward; pressure increases; air leaves.

Oxygen Transport

Hemoglobin carries oxygen.

CO2 Transport

Mainly carried as bicarbonate.

Resp & pH Relationship

Low CO2 = high pH; high CO2 = low pH.

Heart Chambers

RA, RV, LA, LV.

Blood Flow Order

Body → RA → RV → Lungs → LA → LV → Body.

Arteries

Carry blood away from heart.

Veins

Carry blood toward heart.

Capillaries

Location of nutrient & gas exchange.

Systole

Heart contraction.

Diastole

Heart relaxation.

Cardiac Output Formula

CO = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate.

Pulmonary vs Systemic

Pulmonary = lungs; Systemic = body.

Neuron Structure

Dendrites, soma, axon.

Action Potential

Na+ influx → depolarization; K+ efflux → repolarization.

Synapse Gap

Neurotransmitters cross to next neuron.

CNS vs PNS

CNS = brain/spinal cord; PNS = all other nerves.

Sensory vs Motor

Sensory to brain; motor from brain.

Muscle Types

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Sliding Filament Actin + Myosin

Proteins slide for contraction.

Role of Calcium

Binds troponin, allows actin–myosin binding.

Role of ATP

Energizes contraction & relaxation.

Bone Cells

Osteoblast builds, osteoclast breaks down.

Compact vs Spongy

Compact = dense; Spongy = marrow production.

Red Marrow

Makes blood cells.

Calcium Hormones

PTH raises calcium; calcitonin lowers it.

Digestive Path

Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine.

SI Function

Nutrient absorption.

LI Function

Water absorption.

Liver Function

Makes bile.

Gallbladder

Stores bile.

Pancreas

Releases enzymes & bicarbonate.

Nephron Flow

Bowman’s → PCT → Loop → DCT → Collecting duct.

Filtration

Occurs in glomerulus.

Reabsorption

Happens in tubules.

Secretion

Waste moves into filtrate.

ADH

Increases water reabsorption.

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose.

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose.

Thyroid Hormones

Control metabolism.

Adrenal Hormones

Epinephrine & cortisol.

Negative Feedback

Body reverses changes to stay balanced.

DNA Base Pairing

A–T, C–G.

Transcription

DNA → mRNA.

Translation

mRNA → Protein.

Mitosis

Cell division producing identical cells.

Meiosis

Cell division producing gametes.

Protons

Positive charge; nucleus.

Neutrons

Neutral charge; nucleus.

Electrons

Negative charge; orbit nucleus.

Ionic Bond

Electron transfer.

Covalent Bond

Shared electrons.

Hydrogen Bond

Weak attraction.

pH Scale

0–6 acid, 7 neutral, 8–14 base.

Hypothesis

Statement that can be tested.

Independent Variable

The factor being changed.

Dependent Variable

The factor being measured.

Control Group

Does not receive treatment.

Experimental Group

Receives treatment.