theory of flight pre-finals

is a curved surface, such as a wing, designed to generate lift when air flows over it.

airfoil

ARE USED IN A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS, FROM AIRCRAFT WINGS TO WIND TURBINES.

airfoils

IS DESIGNED TO CREATE A PRESSURE DIFFERENCE THAT PRODUCES LIFT.

camber

george caley sketches

george caley sketches

OTTO LILIENTHAL TESTING GLIDERS

GUSTAVO EIFFEL WIND TUNNEL

WRIGHT BROTHERS WIND TUNNEL

THE FIRST FLIGHT OF THE WRIGHT BROTHERS

symmetrical airfoil

cambered airfoil

thin airfoil

thick airfoil

supercritical airfoil

flat plate

The airfoil is considered to be symmetrical or uncambered when the upper section of the airfoil from the centerline mirrors that of the lower section, i.e, the upper and lower surfaces are identical.

symmetrical airfoil

produces less lift than asymmetrical airfoil

Symmetrical airfoil

is a curved asymmetrical airfoil shape that produces lift more efficiently than a symmetrical airfoil. T

CAMBERED AIRFOIL / asymmetrical

The curvature of the airfoil, also known as camber, deflects the air downward, creating a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces

cambered airfoil

an aerodynamic shape where the maximum thickness is small compared to its chord length, and the camber line is close to the chord line

thin airfoil

an airfoil with a relatively large thickness-to-chord ratio, meaning the maximum thickness is a significant percentage of the chord length.

thick airfoil

They are generally designed for low-speed, high-lift applications, like those found on some wind turbines or aircraft de-signed for slower speeds and shorter takeoff and landing distances.

thick airfoil

is a specialized wing shape designed to minimize drag at transonic speeds.

supercritical airfoil

This design delays the formation of shock waves, which are a major source of drag at these speeds

supercritical airfoil

is a wing shape that is essentially a flat, thin sheet. While it' s the simplest airfoil shape, it' s less efficient than curved airfoils and generates more drag.

flat-plate airfoil

are sometimes used in simpler aircraft or models where ease of construction is prioritized over optimal aerodynamic performance.

flat-plate airfoil

(6) types of airfoil;

1. symmetrical airfoil

2. cambered airfoil

3. thin airfoil

4. thick airfoil

5. supercritical airfoil

6. flat-plate airfoil

Less lift, needs higher speed to be effective.

Lower drag.

Weaker structurally, so usually reinforced.

FIGHTER JETS, SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT, MISSILES (GOOD FOR SPEED AND AGILITY).

thinner airfoil

Creates more lift at lower speeds.

Has higher drag.

Stronger structure, good for carrying heavy loads....%17-

Passenger planes, cargo aircraft (good for takeoff and landing).

thicker airfoil

DISTINGUISHED BY THEIR GEOMETRIC SHAPES, WHICH ARE CHARACTERIZED BY BEING THIN AND FEATURING SHARP LEADING EDGES.

supersonic airfoil

GENERALLY HAVE THINNER SECTIONS FORMED OF EITHER ANGLED PLANES CALLED DOUBLE-WEDGE AIRFOILS OR OPPOSED CIRCULAR ARCS CALLED BICONVEX AIRFOILS.

supersonic airfoil

DESIGNED TO MAXIMIZE THE EXTENT OF THE LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER OVER THE AIRFOIL'S LEADING EDGE, THEREBY SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCING SKIN FRICTION DRAG.

LAMINAR FLOW AIRFOIL

ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO ENHANCE THE AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF ROTOR BLADES IN HELICOPTERS, AUTOGIROS, AND OTHER TYPES OF ROTOR-CRAFT.

ROTORCRAFT AIRFOIL

THESE AIRFOIL SECTIONS ADDRESS THE UNIQUE AERO-DYNAMIC CHALLENGES OF ROTORCRAFT, SUCH AS OPERATION AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK NEAR STALL, TRANSONIC FLOW, THE NEED FOR BOTH HIGH LIFT AND LOW DRAG CHARACTERISTICS, AND LOW PITCHING MOMENTS.

ROTORCRAFT AIRFOIL

ARE DESIGNED TO PERFORM EFFICIENTLY AT LOW CHORD REYNOLDS NUMBERS, TYPICALLY ENCOUNTERED IN SMALLSCALE AIRCRAFT SUCH AS DRONES AND UAVS.

low reynolds number airfoils

ARE THE CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES OF THE PROPELLER BLADES, DESIGNED TO EFFICIENTLY CONVERT ROTATIONAL MOTION INTO THRUST.

propeller airfoils

HAVE TRADITIONALLY BEEN "FLAT-BOTTOM" CLARK Y SERIES WITH A LOWER SURFACE, CONSTRAINED, IN PART, BY THE MANUFACTURING LIMITATIONS OF METAL PROPELLERS.

propeller airfoil

ARE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INVENTIONS IN AVIATION BECAUSE THEY MAKE FLIGHT POSSIBLE BY PRODUCING LIFT

airfoils

Extends from the aircraft’s nose to its tail.

longitudinal axis

Motion about this axis is known as roll and is primarily controlled by the ailerons.

longitudinal axis

Extends from wingtip to wingtip. Movement around this axis is called pitch, controlled by the elevator.

lateral axis

is critical for altitude changes and maintaining safe flight paths.

pitch

Extends vertically through the aircraft’s center of gravity.

vertical axis

Rotation about this axis is called yaw and is controlled by the rudder.

vertical axis

is essential for directional control

yaw

(3) axes of an aircraft;

• longitudinal axis

• lateral axis

• vertical axis

refers to the natural tendency of an aircraft to return to a steady flight condition following a disturbance, such as turbulence, gusts, or abrupt control inputs.

stability

the ability of an aircraft to correct disturbances in its equilibrium and return itself to it's original flight patch

stability

The aircraft's initial tendency after the equilibrium disturb. The immediate reaction

static stability

An aircraft's response to a change in the equilibrium over time. Long-term motion over time

dynamic stability

The aircraft tends to return to its original attitude after being displaced.

positive static stability

The aircraft diverges further from its original position after being displaced.

negative static stability

The aircraft maintains its new position indefinitely, neither correcting nor worsening after displacement.

neutral static stability

experiences gradual dampering oscillations after a disturbance. The aircraft will steadily return to its original state.

positive dynamic stability

the oscillations continue in the same motions following a disturbance, neither increasing nor decreasing, causing the aircraft to maintain constant deviation from its initial position.

neutral dynamic stability

experiences amplified oscillations after a disturbance. The deviations from the original state will grow progressively, and worsen without corrective pilot intervention.

negative dynamic stability

This governs motion around the lateral axis. It is primarily influenced by the position of the center of gravity and the design of the horizontal stabilizer.

longitudinal stability (pitch stability)

This governs motion around the longitudinal axis. Factors such as dihedral angle, wing sweep, and wing placement determine roll stability.

lateral stability (roll stability)

This governs motion around the vertical axis. The vertical stabilizer, consisting of the fin and rudder, is the primary contributor.

directional stability (yaw stability)

speeds near the speed of sound

transonic speed