Unit 2 Bio Princ

What is organs are apart of the digestive system?

Mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What are characteristics of the mouth?

Has saliva and teeth for mechanical digestion

What are characteristics of the pharynx?

It is funnel-shaped passageway that connects nasal cavity and mouth to the stomach and lungs

What is the epiglottis?

a flap that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing

What are characteristics of the stomach?

It produces gastric acid and has enzymes that work in a low pH to digest foods

What are characteristics of the small intestine?

There is valve to present acid from burning the esophagus; digestion continuous and nutrients are absorbed

What are characteristics of the large intestine?

Water is absorbed and fecal matter is released

What three things do cells need to survive?

Oxygen, water, and nutrients

What is the basic process of energy absorption in cells

1. Food is digested
2. Sugars are transported into the cell
3. The cell breaks down the molecules in the mitochondria to produce ATP

What are the basic functions of the cardiovascular system?

To transport blood, gases, and nutrients to cells

What is the basic function of the respiratory system?

Oxygen transfer

What is the basic function of the excretory system?

To filter cellular wastes

What is urine?

Combination of uric acid and cellular wastes

How do single celled organisms release and absorb cellular nutrients and wastes?

They use their permeable membrane to release and absorb wastes and nutrients

What is the goal of cellular respiration?

To produce atp

Do cells absorb monomers or polymers?

Monomers of macromolecules; the point of digestion is to break down polymers into monomers

What are cells?

Basic unit of life

What scientist invented the microscope?

Robert hook; after inventing the microscope he decided to name the organisms he saw cells

What year did Robert hook invent the microscope?

In 1665

How does a light microscope work?

Uses a light and dual magnification system to enlarge images passed through specimens

How much does a light microscope enlarge by?

100x

What structures can we see using a light microscope?

Most plant and animal cells, the nucleus, most bacteria and the mitochondria

How does an electron microscope work?

It uses electrons to reflect the image of small molecules

What objects are visible using acne electron microscope?

Viruses and some bacteria

How much magnification does an electron microscope have?

About 100,000 magnification

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

Transmission and scanning

What is the main function of transmission microscopes?

The electrons go through the specimen to see the internal structures

What is the main function of a scanning microscope?

Electrons bounce off the surface of the microscope to get the general shape of the image

What are the two types of cells?

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

What is the cell theory?

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells

What is correlation between a cells volume and surface area?

As a cell increases in size it's volume increases faster than it's surface area; if there is not enough surface area not enough food can enter and the cell dies

What are prokayotic cells?

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Where do bacteria exist in the human body?

Outside the cells

How do bacteria damage a host?

They produce toxins and chemicals that damage the cells

What are some common bacterial shapes?

Coccus, bacillus, and spirochete

What is the coccus shape?

spherical

What is a bacillus bacterial shape?

rod

What is a spirochete shape?

Spiral shaped

What is the basic structural components of a bacterium?

Pili, plasma membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, plasmid

What are pili?

short, hairlike protein structures on the surface of some bacteria; allows for attachment

What is the plasma membrane?

Permeable lipid layer

What is the cell wall in bacteria made of?

Sugars and proteins

What are bacterial ribsomes used for?

Protein development

What is a bacterial plasmid?

A ring of Dna that is shared between bacteria

What are eukaryotic cells?

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What types of cells are eukaryotic?

animal and plant cells

What are parts in a eukaryotic animal cell?

Mitochondria, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

What is the mitochondria?

Powerhouse of the cell

What is the cytoskeleton of a cell?

Protein skeleton of a cell

What is a cell membrane?

A protective barrier made of lipids

What is the cytoplasm?

fluid inside the cell

What is the nucleus?

Control center of the cell; holds the dna

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

The invagination of the nucleus outer wall

What is the rough er?

Reticulum with ribosomes

What is the smooth er?

Reticulum without ribosomes

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Compartmentalized membranes used for storage

What are lysosomes?

An organelle that contains digestive enzymes; the digestive system of an cell

What are parts of a eukaryotic plant cell?

Cell wall, mitochondria, peroxisome, chloroplast, plasmodesmata, central vacuole

What parts of an animal cell do plant cells lack?

Lysosomes, centrioles, and flagella

What is the cell wall?

Cellulose protective structure

What is a peroxisome?

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide in a cell

What are chloroplasts?

The only green structure in a cell

What is plasmodesmata?

Holes in a cell wall for sharing molecules

What is the central vacuole of a cell?

Water and waste storage

What type of molecules cannot pass through the cell membrane?

polar, hydrophilic molecules

What is semipermeability?

The ability to allow only certain molecules in or out of the cell

What are transport proteins?

Proteins that allow for the movement of large polar molecules between the cell membranes

What are the intergral proteins?

Tube structure proteins

What are binding proteins?

Only one side is accessable

What are glycoproteins?

Proteins that allow for cell recongization from the immune system

What are genes and chromosomes made of?

DNA and proteins

What are the layers of the nucleus?

Nuclear envelopes, chromatin, and nucleous

What is the nuclear membrane made of?

A double membrane

What is chromatin?

uncoiled and uncondensed form of DNA

What is a chromosome?

A condensed form of DNA

What happens when chromosomes are present in the cell?

The cell is about to undergo mitosis

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

The invagination if the nuclear envelope

What is the rough ER?

The area that protein synthesis occurs and the production of exported proteins

Where are the proteins that stay in the cell are made?

In the cytosol

Where are the proteins that exist outside the cell made?

They are made in the rough ER

What is the smooth ER?

ER that lacks ribosomes

What does the smooth ER process or make?

The smooth er processes and makes lipids and detoxifies alcohols

What are ribosomes made of?

rRNA and proteins

What is the basic structure of a ribosome?

Two subunits to carry protein synthesis

What is a ribosome's purpose?

To read the mRNA and join proteins in a sequence based on the protein molecules

What is the golgi apparatus?

flattened stacks that process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids from the ER; also synthesizes polysaccharides

What protein process occurs in the Golgi apparatus

It folds proteins and attaches sugars

How are proteins transported from the ER to the Golgi?

Vesicles (hollow sphere made of membranes) transports the proteins ro the Golgi

What side of the Golgi apparatus receives products from the rough ER?

cis side (faces the rest of the cell)

what side of the golgi is the shipping side

trans face (towards the exit)

What is the first step of lysosomes formation?

DNA makes mRna

What is the second step in lysosome formation?

mRNA is sent to a ribosome and the ribosome formed the protein in the rough ER, the rough ER makes a vesicle

What is the third step in lysosomes formation?

The vesicle goesnyo the Golgi where it is activated and folded

What is the fourth step in lysosomes formation?

A vesicle is formed with the digestive proteins/enzymes and a lysosome is formed

What are lysosomes?

Membranes bound of hydrolytic enzymes

What are the main functions of lysosomes?

It breaks down macromolecules and organelles marked for destruction

What is autophagy?

When lysosomes engulfs organelles or parts of the cell marked for destruction

What is the endomembrane system?

group of organelles/membranes that interact with proteins and lipids that are entering/exiting a cell

What organelles are part of the endomembrane system

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.

What is the purpose of the mitochondria?

Produce ATP through cellular respiration.