Oral com speech acts and com strategies

SPEAK ACT

Started out a Theory proposed by john austen and later on extended by john searle

It says that speaking is an acting performance

three stages of speech act

Locutionary, illocutionary perlocutionary

Questions we ask to understand the performances(speech act)

What do we do when we speak?

what do you mean when we say something?

what do  we intend to do after  getting the message?

what is the effect of what was said to the receiver?

LOCUTIONARY

Actual words that make up the statement idea or message.

Concern only on the phonetic, phatic and rhetic.

Analysis is surface level

Phonetic, phatic, rhetic

PHONETIC

Act of producing utterance

PHATIC

Constructing meaningful groups of sounds and symbols that may consist of words clauses phrases sentence or discourse.

RHETIC

Prepositional content that can be expressed or implied

Example of locutionary

EX. Situation: Two people meet after not seeing each other for a long time.

Act: One person says, "Hello, how have you been?"

ILLOCUTIONARY

Real intention of the speaker when the statement is uttered

This may render the message a lot of meaning

Illocutionary EX

Situation: A person assures their partner they will complete a task.

Act: The speaker says, "I will finish the report by tomorrow."

PERLOCUTIONARY

Focuses on the receiver also refers to the effect or response

Analysis of the reaction of the receiver

Their action should align with a speaker to say that the interaction was meaningful

Perlocutionary EX

Situation: A customer complains about poor service at a restaurant.

Utterance (IL Act): "I’ve been waiting for over an hour for my food!"

Act: The waiter feels guilty and apologizes, offering to rectify the situation.

Serles category of illocutionary acts

representatives, directives, commisives, expressives, declarations (Red Dog Cooks eggs dayum)

REPRESENTATIVES

Utterance which commit the hearer to the truth of the express proposition

Stating, asserting, denying, confusing, admitting, notifying concluding, predicting

Carried out by receiver

EX: Representatives

Situation: A scientist is explaining a concept in physics to a student.

Utterance ): "Objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force."

DIRECTIVES

Utterance that attempt to get the addressee to do something

Requesting, ordering, forbidding warning, advice, suggesting, insisting, recommending

Directives EX

Situation: A friend is advising another on how to deal with stress.

Utterance (): "You should try meditating to relax."

COMMISSIVES

A terms that commit the speaker to some future course of action

Promising, Vowing, volunteering offering, guaranteeing, pledging

EX: Situation

A person vows to work harder after failing an exam.

Utterance (): "I vow to study harder for the next exam."

EXPRESSIVES

It turns to express the emotional state of the speaker

apologizing, thanking, congratulating, condoling welcoming

EX Expressives Situation

A person is upset after finding out their colleague took credit for their idea in a meeting.

Utterance (): "I can’t believe he did that! I worked so hard on that project!"

DECLARATIONS

A turns used to change the status of some entity

appointing, naming, resigning baptizing, anointing

EX Declarations Situation

: A priest is conducting a baptism ceremony.

Utterance (): "I baptize you in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit."

Communication strategies

MESSAGE ABANDONMENT

TOPIC AVOIDANCE

USE OF ALL-PURPOSE WORDS

WORD COINAGW

LITERAL TRANSLATION

FOREIGNIZING

USE OF GAP FILLERS

APPROXIMATION

USE OF NON VERBAL CUES

APPEAL FOR HELP

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MESSAGE ABANDONMENT

Happens when the speaker just stops talking to express himself/ herself

TOPIC AVOIDANCE

Happens when the speaker tries to change the topic or talk about something else instead of the issue that needs to be discussed.

USE OF ALL-PURPOSE WORDS

Happens when you use a general expression to refer to an idea you think the other person already knows about in order to save you from using the actual words

WORD COINAGE

Happens when you invent a term based on your knowledge of rules informing words in a particular language

LITERAL TRANSLATION

Happens when you translate a word or expression from one language to another word for word even when it's essence is compromised

FOREIGNIZING

Happens when you pronounce a word in your native language as if it is a word in the target language

CODE-SWITCHING

Happens when you combine words in your native language and target language in one sentence

USE OF (GAP) FILLERS

Happens when you try to use unnecessary words or expressions in order to store your message or to avoid dull moments or dead air.

CIRCUM LOCOMOTION

Happen when you try to work your way around an idea by describing it vividly instead of calling it by its real name

APPROXIMATION

Happens when you try the look for a closely related word in order to refer to something

USE OF NON-VERBAL CUES

Happens when you try to look for a non-verbal cue that would best say what you want to say

APPEAL FOR HELP

Happens when you ask someone else to explain what it is that you want to say dog died, and I've been really stressed."