The Cat Exam 2

What type of estrous cycle does a Queen have?

seasonally polyestrous - long day breeders

Hypothalamic pituitary ovarian system

1-4 structures

1) hypothalamus

2) AP

3) ovary

4) CL

What is true about the proestrus in the Queen?

- it is short and may not even be observed

- the queen will not let the tom mate with her

- they have no vulvar discharge or "bleeding"

(all of the above)

In which of the following phases of estrus is the queen not receptive to mating?

- postestrus or interestrus

- anestrus

- diestrus

(all of the above)

If a queen has a pseudopregnancy, her diestrus period will be shorter (-40d) than a diestrus period with a real pregnancy (-60d). True or False?

True

Which of the following is true about queens?

a) they can show estrus during pregnancy

b) a litter of kittens can have more than one father

c) they have a zonary placenta

d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Which of the following is true about feline reproduction?

- they are induced ovulators, meaning the act of mating induces ovulation

- for the best chance of ovulation, they need 4 matings in a 2 hour period

- during intromission the Tom will mount the Queen and grab her neck and she will vocalize

(all of the above)

Which of the following could be possible infertility problems in the cat?

- part of their reproductive tract didn't grow properly in utero

- they could have tumors or cysts on their ovaries

- there could be chromosomal or genetic issues

(all of the above)

Which of the following is true about parturition in the queen?

- the queen can stop and start stage 2 during parturition

- there are 3 stages to parturition

- dystocia is more common in certain breeds of cats than others

(all of the above)

If you noticed that your cat has mammary gland changes, nipples are pinker and more prominent and she is more docile, which of the following best describes her state?

pregnant

The skinny tube at the top of the image provides is called the

deferent ducts

Penile spines on the Tom cat are testosterone dependent, meaning that if there is no testosterone, they will not have penile spines. True or false?

true

Which of the following could be an infertility issue in the cat?

- mate preference - the tom may not want to breed with the queen that you present to them during selected breeding

- they may get penile hair rings that are painful and lead to mating failure

- intersex or karyotype issue

(all of the above)

When one testis is retained in the abdomen of the cat they are completely infertile. True or false?

False

You can retrieve sperm from a Tom cat by inserting a catheter into their penis. True or false?

true

Which of the following is true about nutrition regarding a tom cat's fertility?

- a deficiency in riboflavin or EFA linoleate can cause poor fertility in tom cats and testicular atrophy

Which part of the sperm cell is the arrow pointing to?

- head

- neck

- middle piece

- principal piece

- end piece

Coiled tail sperm

bent tail sperm

proximal droplet

normal sperm tail

Which of the following is true about the GonaCon GnRH vaccine?

- the vaccine is given to Tom cats to try and purposely cause infertility

- it decreases testosterone production

- it causes testicular and penile spine atrophy

(all of the above)

the GnRH vaccination doesn't have any effect on Queen fertility. True or False?

False

Where should you make your incision for a spay in a kitten or an adult cat?

Caudal to umbilicus

Which of the following correctly describes the steps from incision to exposing the uterine horn during a feline spay?

trim away the subcutaneous tissue and fat until you can visualize the linea. Then cut through the linea, extend your incision a little on either side of the incision site and then use your spay hook to grab the uterine horn.

What does the white on either side of a ligature/knot indicate in this picture?

that the ligature is tight enough

What is the arrow pointing to in this picture during a feline spay?

the pedicle ligament

What do you need to look for when you grab the uterine horn with your spay hook to ensure that you do actually have the uterine horn?

ovary

When you pull the testicle out during a feline neuter how many "pops" does Dr. Isaza say you should feel?

2

After you grab the uterine horn with your spay hook and make 100% sure that you have the uterine horn, where will you place your first clamp?

on the proper ligament

Your incision site for a kitten spay will only be about ___ cm long

1

Why did Dr. Isaza say the uterus in the adult feline spay video was extremely turgid?

the cat was in heat

If you leave any part of the ovary in a female cat, it can revascularize and they will develop an ovarian remnant. True of false?

true

Cats are short day breeders, meaning they cycle when the days are short, true or false?

false

Which of the following exads could be done on an initial examination of the cat before breeding them?

- general physical

- reproductive examination

- karyotyping

(all of the above)

what structure is being measured between the two indicators in this ultrasound?

uterus

When over ____ of the cells are cornified on a vaginal cytology swab in the cat, it indicates that the cat is in estrus and should be receptive to the male.

70%

What things could you try if breeding between a queen and tom does not occur?

try another male

What is true about cystic ovarian disease in the queen?

you can confirm the disease by ultrasonography

What is this image showing?

cystic endometria hyperplasia

(week 7 histology - pink with holes)

If a queen is about 5 years of age, has a distended uterus, they may or may not look a little depressed or perhaps anorexic and they have vaginal discharge, there is a good chance they have a _______

pyometra

this technique almost always acquires semen (very reliable)

electroejaculation

it is the most practical collection method for a clinical setting

urethral catheterization

this method obtains a full ejaculate and collections can be obtained repeatedly

artificial vagina

When you are going to breed a queen with a artificial insemination, you will want to induce ovulation on day ______ after she comes into heat

3 or 4

The first humane animal shelter was started during which Era in the United States?

Reconstruction Era

SPCA shelters around the country are all regulated in the same manner. Is this statement true or false?

false

The first residency in Shelter Medicine was in ______

2001

The foundation of a well functioning animal shelter is built upon _______

animal welfare

The role, and what veterinary doctors do on a daily basis, is fairly consistent from one animal shelter to another animal shelter. Is this statement true or false?

false

When using problem-oriented approach to shelter assessments, looking at numbers and metrics such as "What is the average length of stay in a shelter?" or "how many animals of which type does the shelter house each day, month and year?" is what part of the "S-O-A-P" model?

objective

Smart Goals are part of the Problem-Oriented based plan. Which of the following are Smart Goals?

- specific and measurable

- achievable and relevant

- time bound

(all of the above)

Which of the following matter to ensure that a shelter is functioning properly and has good practices?

- metrics such as "net intakes" of the shelter

- evidence about different products like disinfectants that are used in shelters or how diseases are spread in shelters

- language and terminology. The lingo and abbreviations that are used need to be explained and communicated between people and shelters so that assumptions are not made

(all of the above)

"Open Door Veterinary Care" is a program similar to Medicaid for pets. An option for low-income pet owners to be sent to veterinary practices to be seen with low fees. True or False?

False

Providing sufficient space, proper facilities, and company of the animal's own kind fulfills which of the 5 freedoms of animal welfare?

freedom to express normal behavior

Which of the following are internal stimuli that affect cat behavior?

- genetics

- experience

- anatomy

(all of the above)

What is true about social behavior in cats?

they have a social hierarchy that relies on preferred associate relationships

What visual cue is this cat displaying

relaxed

Which of the following could lead to misdirected predatory behavior in cats?

- playing rough with your cat

- cats that are weaned early

- cats that do not receive enough stimulation or enrichment

(all of the above)

First assessing the welfare problem or issue, then identifying what issues the cat is highly motivated to perform and finally testing if the behavior is allowed to be performed if welfare problems disappear is an example of a forwards approach to assessing animal welfare. True or False?

False

the following is an example of what type of enrichment?

physical enrichment

Poor health is related to poor welfare and good health always means good welfare. True or false?

False

When is a good time to introduce cats to people in order to reduce their fear?

3-9 weeks of age

Different cat breeds can show different personalities that affect behavior. True or False?

true

What should one do when introducing cats to one another?

If aggression occurs, punishment shouldn't be used, just interference

Which of the following is a function of the endocrine system?

- maintains homeostasis by regulating metabolic processes

- regulates growth

- regulates sexual development and function

(all of the above)

What is true about the thyroid hormone?

the major form in the blood is T4

Which of the following is correct about the following image?

Increased TSH has negative feedback on the hypothalamus, which leads to a decreased production of TRH

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism is

benign adenomatous nodular hyperplasia of the thyroid gland

-phagia

to eat

-dipsia

thirst

cranial

towards the head of the cat

dorsal

up towards the top of the body

Which of the following is a complication of diabetes mellitus?

urinary tract infections

How can diabetes mellitus be diagnosed?

fructosamine

The arrow is pointing at a pituitary tumor in a cat with acromegaly. True or False?

False

How can you treat acromegaly?

hypophysectomy

What does this nuclear scintigraphy graph show?

ectopic thyroid adenoma

Tom Cat anatomy drawing

Tom Cat Repro Structures

The tom has ______ spines

- these spines are a ______ for the presence of testosterone

- prominent spines with ______

- castrating means ______ atrophy

- penile

- bioassay

- testosterone

- spines

penile barbs are _____ dependent

- regress completely by _____ weeks post castration

- testosterone

- 5-6

cryptorchidism

- 1 testes in abdomen: _____

- 2 testes in abdomen: _______

undescended testicles

- fertile

- infertile

Penile hair rings

painful and mating failure

karyotype or intersex issues can cause

infertility, for example male calico or tortoise shell

Nutritional testicular degeneration/atrophy

- deficiency in ________ or __________

- deficiency or excess in vitamin ____

- orchitis: __________ (trauma, bites)

- FIP: __________________

- riboflavin or EFA linoleate

- vitamin A

- bacterial

- peritonitis surrounding testes

Sperm Anatomy

- head

- neck

- middle piece

- principal piece (tail)

- end piece

tail is a flagellum

GonaCon GnRH Vaccination

- Tom

- decreases ________

- ____ and _________ atrophy

- female

- did not achieve ______

- duration ___ years

- tom

- decreases testosterone

- testicular and penile spine atrophy

- female

- pregnancy

- 1-5

drost project

Visual Guides to Animal Reproduction

Queens are considered _____ polyestrous

- repeated estrous cycles for a portion of the year

- other animals included in this are:___________

- seasonally

- horses, sheep, goats, cats

Cats are _____ day breeders

this means when there is more darkness there is more ______ production... this shuts down the _______________ to quiet the female reproductive cycle

- long day

- melatonin, hypothalamic pituitary gonadal access

Puberty in queens can start as early as _____ months or it can be in the ________ if born late

- 4 months, next season

Queen reproductive organs

"heat" is considered

proestrus and estrus

Queens are _____ ovulators.

induced

Heat

proestrus: _____- days

estrus: ______- days

Postestrus: _____ days

diestrus (pseudopregnant): _____ days

diestrus (pregnant): ______ days

anestrus: _____ days

Heat

proestrus: 0-2 days

estrus: 2-19 days

Postestrus: 8-10 days

diestrus (pseudopregnant): 40 days

diestrus (pregnant): 60 days

anestrus: 30-90 days

Proestrus

- length: _________

- behavior: __________

- anatomy: ___________

- hormonal:____________

no vulvar ______ - no ________

- short, may not be observed

- attractive to male, will not allow mating, affectionate

- ovarian follicular growth

- estrogen high (follicles of ovaries make)

no vulvar discharge - no bleeding

Estrus

- length: _________

- behavior: __________

- anatomy: ___________

- hormonal:____________

no vulvar ______ - no ________

- variable, several days to 2 weeks

- attractive to male, allows mating, affectionate

- ovarian follicular growth

- estrogen peaks

no vulvar discharge - no bleeding

Ovulation

- ______ ovulator

- induced by ______

- occasionally ______

- adequate vaginal stimulation from mating causes _______ release, _______ surge, and _________

- ____ matings in ____ hours period for best chance of ovulation

- induced

- coitus

- spontaneous

GnRH, LH, ovulation

4 matings, 2 hours

Mating behavior

- tom mounts and grasps queen's ____

- queen vocalizes with _______

- queen separates, _____, _____ and is ______ to male

- neck

- intromission

- licks, rolls, aggressive