PR1 MIDTERMS

quiz

Research

it is a process to discover new knowledge.

Research

A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge

• Basic Research

• Applied Research/ Field Research

What are the types of research?(According to purpose)

• Identifying the problem

• Reviewing Literature

• Setting, Research Questions, Objectives, and Hypothesis

• Choosing the study design

• Deciding on the sample design

• Collecting data

• Processing and analyzing data

• Writing the report

Research Process:

• Research increases the quality of life

• Research empowers us with knowledge

• Research ethics

What is the Importance of Research?

research misconduct

The National Science Foundation definition ______________means (1) fabrication, (2) falsification, or (3) plagiarism in proposing or performing research.

Fabrication

is the construction and/or addition of data, observations, or characterizations that never occurred in the gathering of data or running of experiments.

Falsification

- is the changing or omission of research results (data) to support claims, hypotheses, other data, etc._________can include the manipulation of research instrumentation, materials, or processes

Plagiarism

- means the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit.

Plagiarism

is, perhaps, the most common form of research misconduct. Researchers must be aware to cite all sources and take careful notes. Using or representing the work of others as your own work constitutes _______, even if committed unintentionally.

Data

- are factual information (such as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation

• Qualitative Data

• Quantitative Data

What are the types of data?

Quantitative data

refers to any information that can be quantified. If it can be counted or measured, and given a numerical value, it’s ________ data.

EX: Size, length, distance, width, dimensions, weight, temperature, scores, rating, count

Quantitative data

can tell you “how many,” “how much,” or “how often”.

Qualitative Data

cannot be measured or counted. It’s descriptive, expressed in terms of language rather than numerical values

Qualitative Data

Researchers will often turn to qualitative data to answer “Why?” or “How?” questions.

EX: Words, labels, descriptions, narratives, language, or traits

Qualitative Research

It is commonly called “interpretive research” …its methods rely heavily on “thick” verbal descriptions of a particular context being studied.

Qualitative Research

Generally speaking, qualitative researchers….

• spend a great deal of time in the settings being studied (fieldwork) • rely on themselves as the main instrument of data collection.

• data sources are real-world situations

• data are descriptive

• describe meaning/s of research findings from the perspective of the participants.

• Open-ended responses

• Flexible probing

• In-depth insights

What are the advantages of Qualitative Research?

Open-ended responses

Qualitative methods let participants answer in their own words, providing richer and more authentic data.

Flexible probing

Researchers can follow up with “how” and “why” questions to explore deeper meanings.

In-depth insights

Enables the collection of substantial, detailed responses suited for exploratory research

• Small sample size limitation

• Observer effect

• Artificial settings

What are the disadvantages of Qualitative Research?

1. Biographical Study

2. Phenomenology

3. Grounded theory

4. Ethnography

5. Case Study

What are the Types of Qualitative Research Design?

Biographical Study

- The study of an individual and her or his experiences as told to the researcher or found in documents and archival material

Biographical Study

In biographical study, the researcher needs to collect extensive information about the subject of the biography

Phenomenology

Describes the meaning of the lived experience about a concept or a phenomenon for several individuals.

Phenomenology

- Concerned with the feelings of the participants regarding a particular event or activity. Hence, the uniqueness of their lived situations can be described. Interview is the common instrument used for its data collection with the suggested sample size ranging from 5 – 25.

Grounded Theory

is a type of research used to create or discover a theory about a specific situation, especially when the topic is not well understood

Grounded Theory

It aims to explain a phenomenon by building a theory, while phenomenology focuses on describing lived experiences.

Grounded Theory

Researchers often use interviews and documents to collect data from around 20– 30 participants, or until no new information is found (saturation).

Ethnography

A description and interpretation of a cultural or social group or system. The researcher examines the group’s observable and learned patterns of behavior, customs, and ways of life.

Ethnography

It is a kind of qualitative research which concentrates on the study of a group of people in a particular environment. To characterize behaviors, culture, challenges, and possible occurring themes, the researcher is required to engage himself/herself with participants through immersion in extended period of time.

Ethnography

needs extensive time to collect data.

Ethnography

Observation, along with the use of interview and survey is an essential instrument for this type of study.

Case Study

is a deep investigation of one or more specific cases over time, using different sources of detailed information.

Case Study

It looks at the case within its real-life setting, which can include the physical place, social environment, history, or economic situation.

Case Study

Data collection strategies include direct observation, interviews, documents, archival records, participant observation, physical artifacts and audiovisual materials.

Case Study

Analysis of themes, or issues and an interpretation of the case by the researcher.

Research Gap

- According to NIH (National Institute of Health) _________ is a topic or area for which there’s missing or inadequate information about it.

Research Gap

is a problem or a question that has not been answered by any of the existing studies within your area of research

Focus on these three key sections of research articles:

• Abstract

• Introduction

• Conclusion

How to identify research gap:

Future Research is Needed

What does FRIN stand for?

• Research goal or Result

• Research variables

• Research locale

What are Basic Parts Of A Research Title?

Research Goal/Result

- the target of the study

- what do you want to investigate

Keywords: correlate, relationship, innovate, factors (affecting), effect, impact, assess, evaluate, develop, link

Independent Variable (IV)

- usually tells us the topic, focus, issue or the problem

EX: Covid-19, Online classes, Mobile games, Cyberbullying , Anxiety and depression

Dependent Variable (DV)

- affected by the independent variable. Furthermore, it also refers to the SAMPLES or respondents of the study

EX: students, teachers, employees, youth skills, learning

Categorical Variable (CV)

- A categorical variable (also called qualitative variable) refers to a characteristic that can’t be quantifiable.

EX: satisfaction, perception, belief

Research Locale

- The place where the study will be held

In-text Citation

In APA Style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.

In-text Citation

There are two basic ways to cite someone’s work in text: In narrative citations and parenthetical citations

Narrative citations

- the authors are part of the sentence

- you are referring to them by name.

Parenthetical citations

the authors are not mentioned in the sentence, just the content of their work. Place the citation at the end of the sentence or clause where you have used their information. The author's names are placed in the brackets (parentheses) with the rest of the citation details:

Reference List

- For your reference list, you may use Citation Generator.