AP bio- chemistry of life 1.2

What are the most common elements in nature?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

What are the 4 functional groups?

Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Amino, and Phosphate

Where is Hydroxyl found in?

Carbohydrates

Where is Carboxyl found in?

Proteins

Where is amino found in?

Proteins

Where is Phosphate found in?

DNA and ATP

How are macromolecules formed?

Through synthesis, the joining of monomers into a chain called a polymer

What is dehydration synthesis?

When 2 monomers make a polymer by forming covalent bonds, removing water molecules as H+ and OH-

What is Hydrolysis?

The desynthesizing of a macromolecule by breaking of a covalent bond by adding H+ and OH-

Why does carbon bond with so many elements?

It has 4 valence electrons allowing for strong covaalence bonds

What are the 4 macromolecules?

Lipids, Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, Proteins

What is the chemical makeup of Carbohydrates?

C6H12O6

How are carbohydrates connected?

Through covalent bonds

What do carbohydrates do?

Provide energy

What are the types of Carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, Diasaccharides, Polysaccharides

What do all monosaccharides and disaccharides end in?

-ose

What is glycogen?

The excess glucose stored in the liver as a form of energy

What is glucose?

The sugar in your bloodstream used for energy.

What happens when you have high blood sugar?

The pancreas releases glycogen which turns into glucose, increasing the blood sugar level.

What happens when you have low blood sugar?

The pancreas releases insullin which removed sugar from the blood

What does insulin do?

Removes sugar from the blood

What does glycogen and glucose do?

Maintain the homeostasis of blood sugar

What is the polarity of lipids?

They are non polar making them hydrophobic

What are the purposes of lipids?

They store energy, create waterproof barriers, are hormones, keep insulation, and are key part of nerves

What is the ratio of C:H:O in Lipids?

C:2H:2O

What are the 2 common monomers that Lipids are made out of?

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

What is Glycerol?

alcahol with 3 oxygen groups

What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?

Saturated fat is solid at room temperature while unsaturated fat is usually liquid and has at least 1 double bond

What are the main type of lipids?

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids/waxes

How do phospholipids relate to the cell?

They make up the cell membrane

How do Phospholipid keep extra and intracellular water out of the cell membrane?

The phosphate head is hydrophillic and interacts with the water while the fatty acids chain are hydrophobic and in the center of the cell membrane.

What macromolecule are Steroids made out of?

Lipids with 4 rings bonded together

What are Steroids used as?

Horomones

What type of molecules are nucleic acids?

Biomolecules

What do nucleic acids do?

create “blueprints” for making proteins and transmit genetic info

What are nucleic acids made of?

CHONP (carbon. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus)

Where are nucleic acids used?

In DNA and RNA

What monomer makes up nucleic acids?

Nucleotide

What is a nucleotide made up of?

A sugar molecule, a Phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

What are the 2 types of sugar molecules that can make up a nucleotide?

Deoxyribose and ribose

What’s the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

Ribose has 2 OH bonds on the 3rd and 4th carbon while Deoxyribose has one OH bond and one H+ bond on the 3rd and 4th Carbons

What does the 5th prime carbon do on a nucleotide’s sugar molecule?

it is bonded to the phosphate base

What does she 3rd prime carbon do in a nucleotides sugar molecule?

Bond with the OH base

What does she prime carbon do in a nucleotides sugar molecule?

Bonds with the nitrogenous base

How does DNA differ from RNA?

DNA is made up of deoxyribose, is a double helix, is hydrogen bonded together, has genetic hereditary material

How does RNA differ from DNA?

Uses ribose, has additional OH-, single strand, reads DNA s\trands to make proteins, uses Uracel instead of Thymine

Why does RNA use Uracel instead of Thymaine?

Conserves energy and has no CH3

What are proteins made up of ?

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, sometimes sulfur in R group

What is the monomer of protein?

amino acids

What are proteins made out of?

Polypeptides

What is a polypeptide

several chains of amino acids put together

What do proteins do?

make up muscles, bones, cartilage, and hair

What do amino acids do?

buildup proteins by joining together to form a chain through dehydration synthesis

How do 2 amino acids bond together?

Through dehydration synthesis

What groups in an amino acid bond together?

Carboxyl and N group

What is the name of the bond between the Carboxyll group and the N group?

Through covalent peptide bonds

What are emergent properties?

properties that individual components of a system don’t have

What are the different solubilities of molecules?

Nonpolar-insoluble, polar covalent-soluble, ionic-soluble

What does it mean when a molecule is hydrophilic?

It means that the molecule interacts well with water and is charged

What does it mean when a molecule is hydrophobic?

The molecule doesn’t interact well with water and is likely nonpolar

Explain what happens when something is hydrophobic

water molecules stick to each other and push nonpolar molecules away

What is the difference between intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces?

Intermolecular forces are attractive and repulsive forces between separate molecules while Intramolecular forces are the attractive and repulsive forces between elements in a molecule

What is the difference between dissolving and dissociating?

Disolving is when a substance breaks apart into individual molecules and spreads evenly throughout the water while Dissociating is when an ionic compound breaks apart into its own ions

What does a buffer do ?

A buffer resists ph change and keeps a solutions pH at a constant

What is a buffer made of?

Its made of either a weak acid and a conjugate base or a weak base and conjugate acid

How does a buffer work?

The weak acid/ base reacts with excess OH- or H++, neutralizing the solution

What is cohesion?

When water molecules stick together creating surface tension due to their hydrogen bonds

What is adhesion?

Adhesion allows water molecules to stick to other surfaces due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds

Why does water have a high heat capacity?

Due to its intermolecular bonds between molecules

What are the 5 properties of water?

Cohesion, Adhesion, Universal Solvent, High heat capacity, High heat of vaporization

How does each property of water keep the homeostasis of the living world?

Universal solvent- helps cells transport needed substances

High heat capacity- maintains temperature for homeostasis in organisms

Cohesion and Adhesion- properties of movement of wate rin plants

High heat of vaporization- takes a lot of energy and time for liquid water to be changed to gas allowing for moderate climate son earth for gas

What monomer is this and what macromolecule

Its a monosaccharide and it makes up a carbohydrate

What type of macromolecule is this?

Lipid

What macromolecule is this and what is the molecule called?

Its a lipid and called a triglyceride

What type of macromolecule is this and what is the molecule called?

its a lipid and its called a phospholipid

What type of macromolecule is this?

Its a nucleic acid

What macromolecule is this?

Protein