BIOS214 Old Exams 2

B) a Z disc

Each end of a sarcomere is marked by a

a) an A band

b) a Z disc

c) terminal cisternae

d) an I band

e) an H band

A) cerebrospinal fluid

What is found in the central canal of the spinal cord?

a. cerebrospinal fluid

b. meningeal fluid

c. blood plasma

d. astrocytes

e. oliodendrocytes

c) diverging

In a ___________ neuronal circuit, input to one neuron leads to output from multiple neurons

a. facilitated

b. converging

c. diverging

d. reverberating

e. parallel after-discharge circuit

d) supinator

Which muscle is not in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

a. flexor pollicus longus

b. flexor carpi radialis

c. palmaris longus

d. supinator

e. flexor digitorum profundus

a) semitendinosus and biceps femoris

Two prominent tendons you can palpate at the popliteal fossa arise from

a. semitendinosus and biceps femoris

b. pectorals major and latissimus doors

c. trees major and triceps brachii

d. adductor magnus and biceps femoris

e. sartorius and gracilis

e) thyrohyoid

Of these, a member of the infrahyoid muscles

a. stylohyoid

b. geniohyoid

c. mylohyoid

d. digastric

e. thyrohyoid

b) tropomyosin

In a relaxed muscle fiber, active sites of actin are blocked by

a. elastic fibers

b. tropomyosin

c. troponin

d. calcium ions

e. myosin heads

d) dorsal root ganglion

The somas of the sensory neurons of spinal nerves are found

a. in the ventral horns

b. the thalamus

c. the dorsal horns

d. in the dorsal root ganglion

e. in the spinothalamic tracts

a) nodes of Ranvier

What are the gaps between myelinated segments of an axon?

a. nodes of Ranvier

b. synaptic clefts

c. satellite gaps

d. tangled plaques

e. myelin gaps

a) atrophy

The loss of muscle mass from disuse is called

a. atrophy

b. tetanus

c. myopathy

d. myasthenia gravis

e. hypoplasia

c) cerebral aqueduct

What structure does cerebrospinal fluid flow through as it passes from the third to the fourth ventricle?

a. interventricular foramen

b. corpus callosum

c. cerebral aqueduct

d. central canal

e. dural sinus

d) myoglobin, glycogen

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers (slow-twitch fibers) have more __________ and less _________ than fast glycolytic (FG) fibers (fast-twitch fibers)

a. glycogen, myoglobin

b. lactic acid, ATP

c. capillaries, mitochondria

d. myoglobin, glycogen

e. ATP, mitochondria

A) medial and lateral pterygoid

These muscles can elevate, depress, and move the mandible side-to-side

a. the ptyergoids

b. the masseter only

c. the temporals and the master

d. strap muscles

e. suprahyoid muscles

c) axon hillock

The trigger zone of a neuron includes

a. the dendrites

b. each node of Ranvier

c. axon hillock

d. each internode

e. the synaptic knobs

a) help form the blood-brain barrier

One role of the astrocytes is to

a. help form the blood-brain barrier

b. produce cerebrospinal fluid

c. phagocytize tissue debris

d. form myelin in the CNS

e. circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

b) transversus abdominis

The deepest muscle of the abdominal wall is

a. latissimus dorsi

b. transversus abdominis

c. the rectus abdominis

d. erector spinae

e. internal oblique

c) a direct attachment

When a muscle joins a bone and has no visible tendon, it is said to have

a. an indirect attachment

b. an aponeurosis

c. a direct attachment

d. a hidden insertion

e. a retinaculum

c) motor neurons

The anterior gray horns of the spinal cord contain

a. myelin

b. dorsal roots

c. motor neurons

d. interneurons

e. dorsal root ganglia

b) myofilaments

The series of elastic components of a muscle include all of the following except

a. the epimysium

b. myofilaments

c. tendons

d. endomysium

e. perimysium

c) telencephalon

Lateral outgrowths of the ________ develop into the cerebral hemispheres

a. neural tube

b. diencephalon

c. telencephalon

d. metencephalon

e. mesencephalon

d) sarcoplasmic reticulum

What structure stores calcium ions that trigger contraction?

a. synaptic vessicles

b. mitochondria

c. T tubules

d. sarcoplasmic reticulum

e. myofibrils

d) decussate

Nerve fiber tracts that cross over from one side of the body to another are said to _________

a. contraindicate

b. diverge

c. converge

d. decussate

e. convert

b) temporal lobe

The cerebral cortex concerned with hearing is an

a. occipital lobe

b. temporal lobe

c. frontal lobe

d. precentral gyrus

e. the parietal lobe

d) fatigue more quickly

In contrast to slow oxidative fibers, fast glycolytic fibers

a. contain more mitochondria

b. contract more slowly

c. have more capillaries

d. fatigue more quickly

e. contain more myoglobin

d) parallel muscles

Which of the following are straplike muscles of uniform width with fascicles that all run in the same direction?

a. pennate muscles

b. rectilinear muscles

c. fusiform muscles

d. parallel muscles

e. converment muscles

d) astrocytes

Which glial cells convert glucose to lactate and contribute to the nourishment of neurons?

a. microglia

b. ependymal cells

c. oligodendrocytes

d. astrocytes

e. Schwann cells

b) glycogen

Muscles store energy in their

a. terminal cisternae

b. glycogen

c. troponin

d. myoglobin

e. mitochondria

a) the arachnoid villi

Cerebrospinal fluid returns to the bloodstream by way of

a. the arachnoid villi

b. the pia mater

c. central canal of the spinal cord

d. cauda equina

e. the choroid plexuses of the brain

b) sensory signals from below level T6 for visceral pain, touch, and proprioception from the lower limbs

What information is carried in the gracile fasciculus?

a. sensory signals from level T6 and up for pain, touch, and proprioception

b. sensory signals from below level T6 for visceral pain, touch, and proprioception from the lower limbs

c. signals for light touch, tickle, and temperature from the upper limbs

d. descending motor commands to limb muscles for balance and posture

e. motor commands for fine control of limb muscles

e) there is a defective gene for the protein called dystrophin

In Duchenne muscular dystrophy,

a. muscles atrophy due to lack of response to acetylcholine

b. there is a defective gene for the protein called duchennase

c. muscles atrophy due to loss of fat and scar tissue

d. more females are affected than males

e. there is a defective gene for the protein called dystrophin

a) biceps femoris

Which does not extend the knee?

a. biceps femoris

b. rectus femoris

c. vastus lateralis

d. vastus medialis

e. vastus intermedius

b) thyrohyoid

All of the following move the mandible except

a. lateral ptyergoid

b. thyrohyoid

c. medial ptyergoid

d. masseter

e. temporalis

c) ventral horns of the spinal cord

Most lower motor neurons are located in

a. the medulla oblongata

b. primary motor cortex

c. ventral horns of the spinal cord

d. the diencephalon

e. dorsal horns of the spinal cord

a) is a bundle of nerve fibers that occupies the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

The cauda equina

a. is a bundle of nerve fibers that occupies the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

b. innervates structures of the anterior and medial thigh

c. is a bundle of connective tissue fibers that extends from the medullary cone

d. part of the lumbar enlargement

e. is synonymous with the medullary cone

b) lipofuscin

Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter?

a. serotonin

b. lipofuscin

c. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

d. glutamate

e. acetylcholine

d) extensor digitorum

Prominent tendons on the dorsum of the hand belong to the ________ muscle

a. extensor retinaculum

b. extensor carpi radialis

c. flexor digitorum superficialis

d. extensor digitorum

e. brachioradialis

a) the neural tube

The embryonic forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain arise from what structure?

a. the neural tube

b. the telencephalon

c. neural folds

d. neural crest

e. mesoderm

e) neurilemma

Because of an absence of __________, damaged nerve fibers in the CNS cannot regenerate

a. neuroglia

b. epineurium

c. axolemma

d. myelin sheath

e. neurilemma

B) an action potential arrives at the end of the synaptic end bulb, synaptic vesicles

Place the following events in the correct order

1. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane

2. ACh is released into the synaptic cleft

3. A muscle action potential is triggered

4. An action potential arrives at the synaptic end bulb

5. ACh binds to receptors in the motor end plate

A. 4, 2, 1, 5, 3

B. 4, 1, 2, 5, 3

C. 2, 4, 5, 1, 3

D. 1, 2, 4, 5, 3

b) soma

Nissl bodies are located in the ______ of a neuron

a. synaptic knobs

b. soma

c. dendrite

d. myelin sheath

e. telodendria

a) parasympathetic division

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for maintaining day to day, restful activities?

a. parasympathetic division

b. sympathetic division

c. sensory (afferent) division

d. somatic motor division

e. central nervous system

d) skeletal muscle

Which of the following is a voluntary muscle?

a. cardiac muscle

b. all the choices are correct

c. none of the choices are correct

d. skeletal muscle

e. smooth muscle

e) z-discs move closer together

Which of these processes occurs during the contraction of skeletal muscle?

a. myofibrils slide over each other

b. calcium ions are taken up by the terminal cisternae

c. calcium ions dissociate from troponin

d. the myofilaments become shorter

e. Z discs move closer together

c) transverse (T) tubules

Action potentials are propagated from the surface to the interior of a muscle fiber by way of

a. myofibrils

b. endomysium

c. the T tubules

d. sarcoplasmic reticulum

e. sarcomeres

e) metencephalon

The cerebellum develops from the embryonic

a. myelencephalon

b. telencephalon

c. diencephalon

d. mesencephalon

e. metencephalon

c) mylohyoid

Which is not an infra hyoid muscle?

a. thyrohyoid

b. omohyoid

c. mylohyoid

d. sternohyoid

e. sternothyroid

b) the medullary cone

Where does the spinal cord end?

a. the cauda equina

b. the medullary cone

c. the lumbar enlargement

d. the dorsal median sulcus

e. the filum terminale

a) the corpus callosum (commissure)

The right and left cerebral hemispheres are joined mainly by

a. the corpus callosum

b. the decussation

c. pons

d. association tracts

e. thalamus

a) one axon and one dendrite arising from the soma

A bipolar neuron has

a. one axon and one dendrite arising from the soma

b. two dendrites arising from the soma

c. two axons arising from the soma

d. two somas

e. two axons and multiple dendrites arising from the soma

a) they synthesize neurotransmitters

The following are all functions of astrocytes except:

a. they synthesize neurotransmitters

b. they help maintain proper K+balance

c. they help maintain the blood-brain barrier

d. they participate in brain development

d) epidural hematoma

An accumulation of blood (hematoma) found between the cranial dura mater and the frontal bone as a result of a head injury is termed a:

a. pial hematoma

b. subarachnoid hematoma

c. subdural hematoma

d. epidural hematoma

a) the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement

The conus medullaris is

a. the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement

b. the inner portion of the spinal cord, seen in cross section

c. the attachment of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord

d. the junction between the medulla and the spinal cord

d) all of the above

A synapse is a junction between

a. a neuron and a glandular cell

b. two neurons

c. a neuron and a muscle cell

d. all of the above

d) all of the above

A midsagittal section of the brain would pass through which of the following

a. corpus callosum

b. falx cerebri

c. longitudinal fissure

d. all of the above

c) astrocytes

Which nueroglia would be most responsible for helping to prevent pathogens and toxins from entering the brain from the blood?

a. ependymal cells

b. neurolemmocytes

c. astrocytes

d. oligodendrocytes

b) they line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain

Which of the following statements is not true regarding oligodendrocytes?

a. they form myelin sheaths around central nervous system axons

b. they line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain

c. one oligodendrocyte can myelinated several axons

d. they are smaller than astrocytes

c) (masseter and medial pterygoid)

Two muscles that insert on the angle and rams of the mandible, and that elevate the mandible are:

1) masseter

2) medial pterygoid

3) lateral pterygoid

4) temporalis

a. 1, 4

b. 3, 4

c. 1, 2

d. 2, 3

b) brachial

From which plexus does the axillary nerve arise?

a. sacral

b. brachial

c. thoracic

d. lumbar

e. cervical

d) all of the above

the meninges are layers of connective tissue that:

a. are called in order from external to internal: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

b. surround the brain and spinal cord

c. cover the spinal nerveless up to where they exit through the intervertebral foramina

d. all of the above

c) efferent

In order to flex your fingers, what type of impulse will the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle need to receive?

a. afferent

b. sensory

c. efferent

d. visceral

d one neuron to several neurons

Diverging circuits allow for transmission of nerve impulses from ________ neurons to _______ neurons

a. multipolar, unipolar

b. unipolar, multipolar

c. several, one

d. one, several

c) shape and relative size

The rhomboideus major muscle is named according to

a. relative size and location

b. shape and location

c. shape and relative size

d. the direction of fibers

c) fast glycolytic fibers

The skeletal muscle fibers that fatigue most easily are

a. red muscle fibers

b. slow oxidative fibers

c. fast glycolytic fibers

d. both a and c

e) tailor’s muscle

Which best describes the sartorius?

a. "workhorse" of the elbow flexors

b. lateral hamtring

c. boxer's muscle

d. swimmer's muscle

e. tailor's muscle

c) the myofibrils are arranged at right angles to the long axis of the cell, creating cross-striations

Which of the following is NOT true for skeletal muscle fibers?

a. a skeletal muscle fiber may be up to 30 cm long

b. they contain many peripheral nuclei

c. the myofibrils are arranged at right angles to the long axis of the cell, creating cross-striations

d. the cells are cylindrical and are arranged in parallel fashion

b) that control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli (corpora quadrigemina)

The tectum of the midbrain bears four round elevations

a. that transmit all sensory and motor information between the upper and lower brain regions

b. that control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli

c. that control subconscious muscle activities

d. called substantial nigra

c) occipital lobe

In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary visual area?

a. temporal lobe

b. frontal lobe

c. occipital lobe

d. parietal lobe

d) the lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle via the lateral aperatures

Which of the following statements about the ventricles of the brain is FALSE?

a. the walls of the all the ventricles contain choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid

b. a membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the anterior portions of the two lateral ventricles

c. the third ventricle is between the left and right halves of the thalamus

d. the lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle via the lateral apertures

d) may refer to either axons or dendrites

Select the best description of nerve fiber

a. fine processes at the ends of axons

b. usually short and branched

c. fine processes at the ends of dendrites

d. may refer to either axons or dendrites

e. join axon to cell body

a) biceps femoris and semitendinosis

Which two major muscles provide good examples for use of the term "synergists"?

a. biceps femoris and semitendinosis

b. latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major

c. gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior

d. flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris

c) increased or decreased size of skeletal muscle fibers

An increase (hypertrophy) or decrease (atrophy) in muscle size is due to

a. increased or decreased numbers of muscle cells

b. increased or decreased deposition of adipose tissue

c. increased or decreased size of skeletal muscle fibers

d. both a & c

d) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5

A typical reflex arc involves the following components

1) sensory neuron

2) motor neuron

3) receptor

4) one or more interneurons

5) effector

the correct order is:

a. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5

b. 3, 1, 2, 5

c. 3, 4, 2, 5

d. 3, 1, 4, 2, 5

b) fine processes at the end of axons

Select the best description of axon terminals

a. usually short and branched

b. fine processes at the ends of axons

c. usually myelinated

d. join axon to cell body

e. stored in synaptic vesicles

a) triad

The close association of sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse (T) tubules is called a

a. triad

b. cistern

c. cross bridge

d. sarcomere

c) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3

Place the following events in the correct order

1) ACh is released into the synaptic cleft

2) Synaptic vesciles fuse with the plasma membrane

3) A muscle action potential is triggered

4) An action potential arrives at the synaptic end bulb

5) ACh binds to receptors in the motor end plate

a. 1, 2, 4, 3, 5

b. 2, 4, 5, 1, 3

c. 4, 2, 1, 5, 3

d. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5

d) all of the above

Which is correct statement?

a. thick and thin filaments are arranged into sarcomeres

b. a myofiber contains myofibrils

c. a myofibril contains thick and thin filaments

d. all of the above

b) the axon terminal

Which structure of the neuron is included in the neuromuscular junction?

a. the dendrites

b. the axon terminal

c. the axon hillock

d. the perikaryon

d) an attachment on the body of the hyoid bone

The digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid muscles have which of the following in common?

a. depresses the hyoid bone

b. elevate the tongue

c. origin on the body of the hyoid bone

d. an attachment on the body of the hyoid bone

d) all of these

The spinal cord is surrounded by which vertebral structures?

a. pedicle

b. lamina

c. body

d. all of these

d) it is located in the A band of the sarcomere and it forms thick filaments

Which of the following is true of myosin?

1) It is located in the A band of the sarcomere

2) it binds to tropomyosin during contraction

3) it forms thick filaments

4) the molecules are helix shaped

a. 2, 4

b. 1, 2, 3, 4

c. 1, 2, 4

d. 1, 3

b) releases Ca2+ to trigger contraction

In skeletal muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum

a. is similar to the Golgi complex

b. releases Ca2+ to trigger contraction

c. forms transverse tubules

d. contains extracellular fluid

b) forms myelin sheaths of the peripheral nervous system

Select the best description of the Schwann cells:

a. help maintain the blood-brain barrier

b. form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system

c. form lining of brain ventricles

d. form myelin sheaths in central nervous system

e. surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia

d) none of the above

Dendrites are processes of a neuron that

a. are usually longer than axons

b. carry nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body

c. are usually myelinated

d. none of the above

a) lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

The roots of which spinal nerves make up the cauda equine?

1. thoracic

2. lumbar

3. sacral

4. coccygeal

a. 2, 3, 4

b. 4 only

c. 1, 2, 3, 4

d. 3, 4

b) tracts in the spinal cord

White matter includes

a. thin outer layer of most of the brain

b. tracts in the spinal cord

c. ganglia

d. nuclei in the brain

c) agonist contract while the antagonists relax (ex: hamstrings and quadriceps)

Which of the following is/are true?

1. synergists are muscles that appose the agonist

2. agonists contract while the antagonists relax

3. the quadriceps femoris and the hamstrings are antagonists

a. 1, 2

b. 2 only

c. 2, 3

d. 1, 2, 3

d) mature neurons do not normally divide; neuroglia do

A main difference between neurons and neuroglia is

a. neurons are generally smaller than neuroglia

b. neurons are more numerous than neuroglia

c. neuroglia are found only in the central nervous system

d. mature neurons do not normally divide; neuroglia do

d) stored in synaptic vesicles

Select the best description of neurotransmitter molecules

a. fine processes at the ends of axons

b. usually short and branched

c. usually myelinated

d. stored in synaptic vesicles

e. accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages

a) is a movable point of attachment of a muscle that attaches a muscle to bone or skin

The insertion of a muscle

1. in a limb is usually proximal to the origin

2. does not move when the muscle contracts

3. is the movable point of attachment of a muscle

4. attaches a muscle to a bone or skin

a. 3, 4

b. 1, 3

c. 1, 2, 3, 4

d. 1, 2, 4

c) motor end plate

Neurotransmitter receptors are found where on the sarcolemma?

a. sarcoplasmic reticulum

b. muscle filaments

c. motor end plate

d. transverse tubules

c) myosin cross bridges move the thin filaments so that their ends meet or overlap in the center of a sarcomere

During contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber

a. the sarcomere length does not change

b. actin and myosin molecules contract, causing filaments to shorten

c. myosin cross bridges move the thin filaments so that their ends meet or overlap in the center of the sarcomere

d. thick filaments meet at the center of the sarcomere

d) somatic motor neuron

A motor unit in skeletal muscle is activated by a/an __________

a. parasympathetic motor neuron

b. afferent motor neuron

c. sympathetic motor neuron

d. somatic motor neuron

b) has branching cells

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle differes in that it:

a. has a different arrangement of thick and thin filaments

b. has branching cells

c. has a short refactor period

d. contracts for shorter periods of time

d) all of the above

Pennate muscles:

a. have relatively small range of movement but a greater power than parallel or fusiform muscles

b. have a large number of fascicles attached to the tendon

c. have short muscle fibers attached to a tendon that is almost as long as the entire muscle

d. all of the above

a) interstitial, cerebrospinal

The arachnoid mater lies between two fluids: ________ on its outer surface and ______ fluid on its inner surface

a. interstitial, cerebrospinal

b. interstitial, blood

c. cerebrospinal, interstitial

d. blood, cerebrospinal

c) axons, blood vessels and connect tissue

A nerve is a structure that may contain

1. axons

2. blood vessels

3. neuron cell bodies

4. connective tissue

5. myelin

6. oligodendrocytes

a. 1, 3, 5, 6

b. 2, 3, 4

c. 1, 2, 4

d. 1, 4, 5

a) projection

Sensory information that arrives in the brain from tracts in the spinal cord is relayed by the thalamus along ______ fibers to the cerebral cortex

a. projection

b. association

c. commissural

d. none of the above

d) efferent from the CNS to the effector organ

The peripheral nervous system carries ________ (or motor) impulses from the _______ to the ________

a. afferent, muscles, central nervous system

b. afferent, central nervous system, muscles

c. efferent, muscles, central nervous system

d. efferent, central nervous system, muscles

d) all of the above

The gray matter of the spinal cord

a. is surrounded by white matter

b. contains neuroglia, neuron cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons and dendrites

c. is subdivided into regions called horns

d. all of the above

d) gray commissure

The central canal of the spinal cord is located in the

a. anterior white commissure

b. posterior white column

c. anterior gray horn

d. gray commissure