301

The chance that an outcome will occur in the future is called the outcome's

probability

the phase when the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.

metaphase

the phase when the nuclear membrane starts to disassociate

prophase

What resulted from Mendel's work with single-factor crosses?

law of segregation

Oogenesis is a gametogenic process in which cells undergo \________ to produce \_______.

meiosis, egg cells

A true-breeding line of green pod pea plants is crossed with a true-breeding line of yellow pod plants. All of their offspring have green pods. From this information, it can be stated that the green color is \_____ to the yellow color.

dominant

What aspect of meiosis best explains Mendel's law of segregation?

separation of homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I

If two individuals with different distinct characteristics are mated, their offspring is called a \_______

hybrid

An individual who has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be \___________

homozygous

What aspect of meiosis best explains Mendel's law of independent assortment?

random alignment of different bivalents during Meiosis I

The chi square test is used to prove that a hypothesis is correct.

false

Which of the following traits were studied by Mendel? Check all that apply.

flower color, seed color, pod color, plant height

In a Punnett square diagram, the outside of the box represents the \_________

haploid gametes

A coin is flipped 100 times, with a result of 53 heads and 47 tails. The deviation between the observed numbers and the expected 50-50 results is called \_________.

random sampling error

Mendel's work with two-factor crosses led directly to which of the following?

law of independent assortment

In a two-factor cross using Mendelian inheritance, if both parents are heterozygous for both traits, what will be the phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

9:3:3:1

Variable expressivity means that the phenotype of a trait can vary between individuals.

true

A \_______ allele typically encodes a protein that is made in the proper amount and functions normally.

wild-type

In the biological sciences, the hypothesis is usually rejected if the P value is \_____.

less than 0.05

Which of the following would be used to determine the probability of three independent events in order?

product rule

The study of family trees in humans is called a \_______ analysis

pedigree

Typically, a recessive allele increases the expression of a functional protein

false

A heterozygote possesses a phenotype that is intermediate between the homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive phenotypes. This is most likely an example of \________

incomplete dominance

Which of the following statistical tests is used to determine if two genes are linked or assorting independently?

chi squared test

A testcross is always performed between the individual that is heterozygous for the genes to be mapped and an individual who is \_____

homozygous recessive for the gene

A Y-linked gene is passed from?

father to son

the process in which certain factors govern whether an individual develops into a male or female organism

sex determination

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

gene

the collection of all proteins that a given cell or species can make

proteome

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Autosomes

If a heterozygote is testcrossed, assuming Mendel's first Principle, the expected genotypes are in a 1:1 ratio.

True

In Mendel's classic dihybrid crosses, the 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes were seen:

when heterozygous F1 plants were selfed

in a cross between a TtYyRr plant and a TtYyrr plant, which of the following genotypes is not possible ? Assume Mendel's second principle.

TtYyRR

A plant Aabb is selfed, what are the expected genotypes in the next generation, assuming Mendel's second principle.

3/4 A-bb, 1/4 aabb

Two organisms with genotypes of two traits of TTbb and ttBB are crossed. Assuming Mendel's second principle, what is the probability of obtaining an organism with genotype TtBb or an organism with TtBB ?

1

If the age of onset of a disease ranges from 10 to 20 years, this is called \--------, and an example is \------------------

variable expressivity, Huntington's disease

What is the probability of an affected Dad and a carrier Mum, having a carrier child ?

1/2 aa x Aa\= 1/2

What is the probability of a carrier Dad and a carrier Mum, having a carrier child first and then an affected/ diseased child ?

1/8

In the inheritance of an autosomal dominant trait that is a disease, homozygosity for the dominant allele is usually incompletely dominant.

False

What is the probability of two brown eyed heterozygous parents having 3 out of 4 children with blue eyes. Brown is dominant to blue.

12/256

In birds the female is the homogametic sex

False

If two parents have genotypes AO and BO, the following blood phenotype is not possible in their children.

A, B, O, AB all are possible

What is a distinguishing feature of the inheritance of a holandric trait?

it is passed from fathers to sons only

\_________ is the term given to one gene affecting/influencing many different traits while \_________ is the term given to more than one gene interacting to affect/ influence one trait.

pleiotrophy: epistasis

The term genome size always refers to the diploid content.

False, always haploid

A bald woman parents children with a man who is nonbald. Which of the following would be true of their children?

all females would be nonbald, all males would be bald

The phenomenon by which a heterozygote has an advantage over either homozygote is :

heterozygote advantage or over dominance

Which of the following contain genetic material that is always 100% identical?

sister chromatids

Assume that genes (Cc and Dd) coding for two traits are located on the same chromosome pair. The alleles are in coupling on the chromosomes. Which of the following would be an example of a recombination /crossing over between these two homologues?

alleles c and D together on one chromosome

The homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

anaphase 1

The synatonemal complex is formed.

pachytena

Which of the following is not correctly matched to its chromosome condition?

down syndrome- trisomy 22 (it is on 21)

The general purpose of the kinetochore is to \__________

attach the microtubules from centrosomes to centromere

The centromere is \_________while the centrosome is \____________

part of the chromosome/ replicated in interphase

Gametogenesis in human females is different than that in males because:

the production of a mature egg cell, oogenesis, results in just one mature gamete

In plants, the haploid cells/gametes are formed during the meiotic cell division.

true

Genes A and B are 20 cM apart and are in repulsion. Suppose that a double heterozygote is test-crossed, what percentage of offspring would have the aaBb phenotype?

40%

The cross GEge X gege produces the following progeny: GEge 404, gege 396, gEge 97, Gege 103. From these data, one can conclude that the G and E loci assort independently

False

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring when a triple heterozygote in coupling is testcrossed, assuming the genes are linked and no crossing over occurs.

1:1

Gene A is 10 mU from Gene B on chromosome 2, and the alleles are in coupling. An individual with the genotype AaBb is testcrossed. What fraction of the offspring would be expected to have genotype aabb?

45% of the offspring

In plant cells all the DNA is located in the nucleus and chloroplast only.

false

If the calculated Rf value from a dihybrid testcross was less than 0.5, then

the genes are linked

If the Rf value between two alleles/genes is 0.5, which of the following is true;

these genes may show Mendel's 2nd principle, these genes may be linked

In testcross experiments, the frequency of recombination between genes a and b is 0.5; between b and c, 0.2; between a and c, 0.3; and between b and d, 0.1. What is a possible order of the three genes?

d-b-c-a

If a crossover occurs between two genes A and B in a double heterozygote AaBb that shows repulsion, then the genotype of some gametes could be

AB, Ab, ab, aB

Assume that a cross is made between AaBb and aabb plants and that the offspring occur in the following numbers: 106 AaBb, 48 Aabb, 52 aaBb, 94 aabb. These results are consistent with \________.

linkage with approximately 33 map units between the two gene loci

Phenotypically wild-type F1 female Drosophila, whose mothers had light eyes (lt) and fathers had straw (stw) bristles, produced the following offspring when crossed to homozygous light-straw males:
Phenotype Number
light-straw 22
wild-type 18
light 990
straw 970
Total: 2000
Compute the map distance between the light and straw loci.

2 mU

A negative interference value indicates that the first crossover event prevented the occurrence of additional crossover events in the region.

False, this is positive interphase

What is the forked line approach?

it uses the product rule of probability

Humans can survive if their cells are aneuploid, and they have an extra \_________, but they cannot survive if they are monosomic (have only one) for an/a \__________ .

autosome: autosome

Given the following sequence of genes on a chromosome, determine what change in chromosome structure occurred. (the * indicates the centromere)
before A B C D * E F G H after A B G F E * D C H

pericentric inversion

The failure of chromosomes to separate during \_______ is called \__________.

meiosis/ non disjunction

The high incidence of \------- children born to\--------- is correlated with \---------

ALL:
Kleinfelter: older mothers: arrested Meiosis I
Turner; older fathers: problems during oogenesis
Jacobs: older fathers: arrested mitosis
Down: older mothers: problems during mitosis

Human chromosomes are linear and are composed of DNA and protein

true

Which of the following describes an organism with two complete sets of chromosomes from two different species?

allotetraploid

mapping distance is equal to what?

recombination frequency

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis; resulting chromosome\= 2n and DNA\= 2C

Mitosis

leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis

Prophase 1 stages

condensing of replicated chromosomes

Leptotene

homologous pairs pair, synaptonemal complex begins to form

zygotene

synapsis finishes, crossing over occurs

pachytene

synaptonemal complex disintegrates, chromosome pairs held together only by chiasma

diplotene

set up for metaphase 1, nuclear envelope disintegrates

Diakinesis

separation of sister chromatids, resulting in four daughter cells with chromosome number\= n and DNA\=C

meisosis 2

prophase 1

If the synaptonemal complex does not form/ fails to dissociate, what stage of the meiotic cycle is this an error in?

prophase 1

Crossing over occurs during which stage of the meiotic cell cycle?

metaphase 2

During which stage of the meiotic cell cycle are the sister chromatids separated?

homologous chromosomes separate

During meiosis 1

The first division of meiosis if referred to as...

reductional division

If a normal diploid cell has 8 chromosomes, then...

there are 8 homologous pairs of chromosomes per diploid cell

During oogenesis, four eggs are formed from one primary oocyte

false

Which of the following microtubules helps position the spindle?

Aster

Three kinds of microtubules and functions

Aster:From centrosome to the plasma membrane (help position the spindle) , Polar:Project from the centrosomes to the middle and push spindle poles away from each other , Kinetochore:Go through kinetochores

How can we test if the traits we're studying follow Mendel's principals?

chi-squared test

what is the point of a test cross?

to determine the genotype of an organism

which of the following is a test cross?

AABB X AABB
AaBb X AaBb
*aabb X AaBb*
AaBb X AABB

what is true concerning penetrance?

It tells you how many genotypically dominant individuals will display the phenotype

what is an expected trait of huntington's disease?

Homozygosity for huntingtons disease allele is lethal

Autosomal dominant diseases are a result of a mutant protein having a \__________ mutation.

Gain of function

What is the probability of two parents affected with huntington's having an affected child?

2/3