U.S. Judiciary: Structure, Powers, and Judicial Philosophy

How are federal judges selected?

Federal judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.

What does Article III of the Constitution establish?

Article III establishes the Supreme Court as the highest court and outlines the judiciary's supremacy over constitutional and federal law matters.

What was the purpose of the Judiciary Act of 1789?

The Judiciary Act of 1789 allowed Congress to organize the court system.

What is the significance of Marbury v. Madison?

Marbury v. Madison established the power of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to determine if laws are unconstitutional.

What are the two levels of courts in the United States?

The two levels are federal courts and state courts.

What type of cases are typically resolved at the state court level?

Most cases, including criminal cases and civil cases, are resolved at the state court level.

What are the three levels of the federal judiciary?

The three levels are federal district courts, federal courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court.

What is judicial restraint?

Judicial restraint is the belief that the Court should use judicial review sparingly and defer to the legislative and executive branches.

What is judicial activism?

Judicial activism is the belief that justices should be willing to overturn laws and make bold policy decisions when necessary.

What role does the Supreme Court play in national policy?

The Supreme Court may act as a national policymaker and agenda setter, but its power is checked by other branches.

Why is the Supreme Court's legitimacy important?

The Supreme Court seeks to maintain legitimacy in the eyes of the public, despite being insulated from public opinion.

What factors can influence the confirmation process of federal judges?

Experience, ethical integrity, and legal accomplishment are important factors that can smooth the confirmation process.

What is the typical process for appointing federal judges?

Most district court nominees are approved, but appellate and Supreme Court appointments can be more contentious.

What is the jurisdiction of the courts?

Jurisdiction refers to the authority of courts to hear and decide on specific cases.

What influences state judges' selection?

Many states elect judges, and their selection is influenced by politics.

What is the relationship between the Supreme Court and other government branches?

The Supreme Court relies on other branches to implement its decisions.