English 105 College Composition II

CHAPTER 1 The quality of an essay that refers to the argument making sense is called _____.

coherence Coherence simply means that the content and the presentation of information should make sense.

The _____ of your essay is the main point you are trying to make in your composition.

thesis The main point of your composition is referred to as the thesis.

A useful model for most short non-fiction compositions is the _____.

five-paragraph essay Short, non-fiction essays are usually modeled on the five-paragraph essay.

_____ your rough draft to catch small mistakes and problems with organization.

Proofread Proofreading is the rereading of your own work to find small mistakes that need to be corrected.

Peer feedback means _____.

feedback from friends or classmates after reading your work Peer feedback can help you to see what needs to be revised in your rough draft after comments from your fellow students.

A research essay's introduction almost always includes which of the following elements?

A thesis statement A thesis statement summarizes the main idea of a research paper or academic essay. The thesis statement and an overview of the key points to be covered in the essay will be included in the essay's introduction.

Which of the following topics would be a good choice for an argumentative research paper?

Whether or not abortion is a human right An argumentative research paper is a type of research paper that takes a side on a topic about which people may disagree. An example of a topic that would be a choice well-suited to this type of research paper would be whether or not abortion is a human right.

Which of the following would be an example of a credible source for use in a research paper?

A government website Credible, or reliable, sources come in a wide variety of formats and types. Websites that end in .gov or .edu, such as government websites, are examples of sources that are typically free from bias and full of information that has been verified by experts.

Which of the following is an example of a citation style that may be used for a research paper?

MLA format When citing research used for writing an essay or paper, a number of different citation styles can be used. Examples of these citation styles include MLA and APA formats.

Which of the following would be part of the first step in research paper writing?

Constructing a preliminary outline A research paper writer will first construct their preliminary outline before beginning the next steps of researching and writing the paper. The writer will end by editing the draft of their paper for clarity and technical correctness.

When writing a research proposal, what's the suggested strategy for moving from a topic to a research question?

Brainstorm with a list or mind map Let your curiosity guide you when moving from a topic to a question by brainstorming. Begin by fleshing out as many of the aspects of the topic you can think of, and consider which you find most interesting. At this stage, don't worry yet about sources or counter-arguments.

Which of the following would be considered a strong thesis statement?

Aldous Huxley references Shakespeare in Brave New World. The thesis statement restates your research question. It incorporates a possible answer to the question with an arguable claim (a statement of fact). Observable phenomena like a blue sky or a subjective belief based on an emotion aren't acceptable or arguable statements.

Which of the following would be a good source for a research paper?

Library catalog While Wikipedia and Google can sometimes be a good place to start research, during the preliminary proposal stage you'll always need to make a trip to the library. Start off the information gathering with a search of your library catalog.

When writing a research proposal, what's the suggested strategy for moving from a thesis statement to an argument?

Analyze assumptions embedded in the thesis To develop your thesis, consider the assumptions that are embedded in the statement. This will lead you to the claims that you can use to support your argument and protect you from possible counter-arguments.

Which of the following statements would be considered a claim to support the argument, 'Aldous Huxley drew inspiration from William Shakespeare?'

Huxley read Shakespeare as a child. The claim is a statement of fact that supports your thesis and argument. Making the claim that ''Aldous Huxley drew inspiration from William Shakespeare'' assumes a connection between these two authors. The fact that Shakespeare lived and wrote in 1610 doesn't presume an immediate connection between the authors.

What is an annotated bibliography?

A list of all sources used in a research essay with summaries and evaluations. Annotated bibliographies show readers a list of all sources you've used in your research and support your arguments and thesis.

Which of the following is the correct format for an annotated bibliography book entry in APA style?

Namey, N. (Year of publication). Book About Facebook. Location of publication: Publisher. This entry follows the correct APA style: Namey, N. (Year of publication). Book About Facebook. Location of publication: Publisher. Note the placement of the publication date. Remember APA includes the author, date of publication, title, publisher and place of publication.

Why is annotating while reading helpful to students?

It is the first step in putting together an annotated bibliography. This is the first step in putting together an annotated bibliography. If you're taking notes while reading, you'll have quotes and examples ready to support your arguments when you're writing your paper; you won't have to go back and dig them out. Second, annotating while reading is a way to form the rough draft of a fully formatted annotated bibliography.

After presenting the names and publisher information, does the actual annotation in MLA and APA style differ? If so, how?

No, after the source information the annotations have the same format and include the same information for each of the styles. Remember that annotations are usually one paragraph in length and written in your own words, regardless of the style used.

Are the annotations in the bibliography objective or subjective?

They are subjective, including whether or not the article is well researched and support the paper's thesis. Annotations are subjective. Follow up with an evaluation or analysis. Was the article well researched, and does it support your thesis? Or, was it poorly reasoned and not useful to you? Either way, include this information.

Which kind of outline list uses circles and lines to help you organize your ideas?

Web Web outlines use circles that contain the main topic, subtopics, supporting details, and commentary. All circles are connected by lines to form an interconnected web. You may also use colors for each type of information to make it easier to read.

Why should you add commentary to the outline of your essay or research paper?

The commentary helps explain why the supporting details in the outline are important. Adding commentary to the outline can help explain why the supporting details are important, what they mean, or why they matter. This way, writers can make sure readers don't misinterpret the meaning or importance of the supporting details.

Why should a writer create an outline for his or her paper?

Both A and B are correct. It can be easy to become mixed up or unsure of how and where to start a paper, but an outline keeps your ideas in order, puts your research in place before you start writing, and gives you a plan to work from so that you do not become confused or unsure about how to start writing your paper!

What should you do with the outline once you have written it?

Use it to help you write your full paper. Too often, students will write a perfectly good outline and put it to the side, never to use it again. The outline should be right in front of you as you write your paper. It acts as the blueprint or map for your paper; you can follow it to put the exact ideas and research that you want in the exact order that you want it!

Which kind of outline list uses Roman and Arabic characters as well as capital and lowercase letters to help you organize your ideas?

Alphanumeric Alphanumeric outlines use Roman numerals (often for your subtopics), capital letters (often for supporting details), Arabic numerals, and lowercase letters (often for commentary) in order to organize your ideas.

Free writing describes a process in which you write down everything you can think of about a topic in order to _____.

generate ideas Free writing allows you to generate ideas, but leaves them unorganized.

One reason that mind maps work so well is that they tend to make use of many of the _____ of your brain.

cognitive functions Your brain has several ways of approaching a problem, or cognitive functions, which can contribute to the making of a mind map.

Your mind map can help to narrow down your topic by following the _____ a subtopic you find especially interesting.

ideas connected to When you find one subtopic you want to write about, your mind map will show you the ideas connected logically to that topic.

The element of an essay that refers to how understandable it is to the reader is called _____.

coherence Coherence refers to how an essay makes sense when someone else reads it.

Mind mapping starts with a central idea and then _____ from that idea into subtopics.

branches out like a tree Mind mapping builds on the central idea by branching out into more and more specific subtopics.

CHAPTER 2 You're writing a senior thesis on special education and need to find quality academic sources. Where would be the BEST place to find them?

Aggregated databases Peer-reviewed journal articles are commonly required for college papers. They can be found in aggregated databases, such as EBSCO and ProQuest, which you can find online.

If you're writing a paper on stem cell research, which of the following authors would you select to cite as an academic source, and why?

Dr. Banten, because he holds a Ph.D. in biology and an M.D. from John Hopkins University. He also heads the STEM cell laboratory at Harvard Medical. The best choice would be: 'Dr. Banten, because he holds a Ph.D. in biology and an M.D. from John Hopkins University. He also heads the stem cell laboratory at Harvard Medical.' This answer checks all of the boxes regarding a solid academic source. The author, Dr. Banten, is an expert. We also know that he has academic credentials and an affiliation with a reputable institutional.

Which of the following BEST defines academic sources?

Books, academic journal articles, and published expert reports which have all been peer reviewed. Academic sources include books, academic journal articles, and published expert reports; however, remember that whatever the exact form, academic sources are all peer-reviewed.

All of these are qualities you should expect in an academic source EXCEPT _____.

well articulated personal opinions of authors Well-articulated personal opinions of authors are NOT a quality found in an academic source. Instead, look at the author's credentials. Look as well for a list of references or a bibliography. Most high-quality research is based on other research. And finally, look for a provided list of sources.

Damien submits an academic article for possible publication. Before the journal can print Damien's article, it has to undergo a rigorous review process in which other scholars in his field review the article and assure it's accurate and high-quality. What is this process called?

Peer review Peer reviewed sources are written by an expert in the field and have passed review by other experts who judged the source for quality and accuracy. If a source is peer-reviewed, you know it's a good choice for high-quality, accurate information about your topic.

What are some important characteristics of a good primary source of research?

Factual, current, and firsthand. Primary research is defined as a factual, firsthand account of a study written by a person who was part of the study.

A good example of secondary research is:

A textbook chapter. When conducting secondary research, the author may have a specific topic to write about and will find many pieces of primary research and use them as information in their next article or textbook chapter.

Which of the following is a significant problem with secondary research?

The author's biases and interpretations. Secondary research is defined as an analysis and interpretation of primary research; therefore, because the author is 'interpreting' the data through his or her own lens, it is probable that there will be bias in the analysis. This differs from primary research which typically follows the scientific method.

'As found by Researcher 1, 2, and 3, the results indicate a strong correlation between ice cream and murder' is an example of a statement from:

A secondary research article. Secondary research often summarizes the results from two or more primary research studies and explains what the two separate findings are telling us.

'In this study, we found that red pens caused graders to increase the number of errors' is a statement most likely from:

A primary research article. Primary means it comes directly from the researcher who conducted the study. Firsthand knowledge is taken into account. So, in the example above, the statement 'we found' implies this is firsthand information coming directly from the researchers.

Rebecca is writing a research paper on the topic of cyber terrorism. She had to use both primary and secondary sources to back up her opinion. To develop her thesis she contacted a high-ranking local FBI agent who agreed to provide her with an interview. She also conducted a survey of her college to oversee their opinion on the topic. Lastly, in a Q&A session, she managed to obtain a comment from the deputy head of the NSA. She only cited the primary sources she used. Why is her paper incomplete?

Because she didn't cite any of the secondary sources she used. A secondary source is a source that simply relates information that was originally produced by someone else or somewhere else. She needs to cite all the sources that she used.

Which of the following best defines a primary source?

The original place where information can be found, or the first person to make that information available A primary source is the original place in which the information can be found, or the first person to make that information available.

What does it mean to give credit to sources you use?

Cite the source in your text and your Works Cited or Reference page References should always be included, in any of the commonly used (APA, MLA, Chicago) referencing styles.

Where is the information found on the demographics of participants in a study?

The methods section You should always read the methods section in a study, which is where demographics of the research participants can be found.

What should you do if you find two sources that don't agree with each other when it comes to definitions or statistics you need for your essay?

Find additional sources that used similar methods to see which conclusions were able to be duplicated. Both of these sources may be referenced, but you should explain the differences and find additional sources that support your discussion on the topic.

Which of the following is a reason citations and bibliographies are important?

All of these answers are correct All answers are correct. Examining citations and bibliographies encourages the reader to check the information provided by the author. When you see a citation, you immediately know that you are getting, at best, secondhand information. Lastly, knowing the code of a bibliography will give you everything to need to find the primary source and verify the information.

Which of the following is a bibliographic entry for a magazine article?

Richards, J. L. (1989, May 6). A dog's life in the Rockaways. The New Yorker, 142, 45-51. Richards, J. L. (1989, May 6). A dog's life in the Rockaways. The New Yorker, 142, 45-51. This is correct because we have the name of the magazine, The New Yorker, followed by the issue and/or volume number, which is 142. The last piece of information you'll have in a magazine article is the pages on which the article can be found, which in this case is 45-51.

How can a citation be identified?

It will be surrounded by parentheses. A citation can always be identified because it will be surrounded by parentheses ( ).

_____ citations let us know the information we are reading didn't come from the _____, but from another person or body of work.

In-text; author In-text citations let us know the information we are reading didn't come from the author, but from another person or body of work.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the bibliographic entry of a book?

The number of pages in the book. When looking at a bibliographic entry of a book, you will NOT see the number of pages that are in the book.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a peer-reviewed journal?

The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal is not an example of a peer-reviewed journal because it not written by scholars with credentials and articles are not reviewed by experts in the same field.

Which of the following is the BEST definition of a peer-reviewed, scholarly journal article?

A journal written by experts and reviewed by other professionals in the same field of study Peer-reviewed journals are published because several experts in the same profession have found the author's work acceptable

Who are the 'peers' in peer-reviewed journals?

Other experts in the field Other experts in the field count as peers in peer-reviewed journals.

Where can you find peer-reviewed journal articles?

All of the answers are correct Peer-reviewed journals can be found at any number of places.

What should you look for to make sure you have found a reliable peer-reviewed article?

All of the answers are correct Also look for formal language, terms used by other professionals in the field, third person point of view, an abstract, and evidence of material gain (for example, if the article appears on a drug website).

What are browser searches, blogs and Wikis best used for in research?

Finding general information on a topic Remember that websites, blogs, and wikis can provide good general information, but it's best to cross-check the information to make sure that the same information can be found in other places.

Where can the most trusted online sources be found?

Databases and Archives Databases and archives are collections of published documents, including peer-reviewed articles, books, magazines, and business journals. Databases and archives can provide more trusted sources because the information has gone through editors and peer reviews as part of the publishing process.

How does a reader feel confident that the information in a source is reliable?

The content is current, both sides are presented, and the information has been peer-reviewed. Looking for content that is current, unbiased, and peer-reviewed research will ensure that the information is accurate and trustworthy.

Which aspect of a source suggests that it should NOT be used as part of academic research?

One-sided opinion statements are used If the language used by a source is one-sided, the information may be more opinionated than factual.

Why is the information on a Wiki not always reliable?

Because often the information can be changed by the public Wiki is a website that gives the general public the right to change information presented on the page; therefore, the information provided cannot always be trusted.

What steps should be taken to ensure information is verifiable?

Verifiable information can be checked by seeing if others use it as a source for their reports or discussions of the topic, as well as checking the sources used by the source itself, to make sure that its information is accurate. The author's experience and education can also be verified by checking online or checking the source itself for information about where the author studied, what degrees they have, and what other experts suggest reading their work, among other things.

The issue of fake news has been a hot topic since the presidential election of 2016. What should you look for when searching for unbiased coverage of any story?

Either fully fact-based reporting or at least identification of the author's bias towards the subject. While there can be bias in useful research, the authors should admit their bias clearly in advance. Otherwise, look for a variety of sources that offer verifiable facts.

If we want news on an event that has happened in the past day, what source(s) are the best for relevant information?

News websites or news shows When we want breaking news, the first place we should look is a news website or a news show. Those shows cover events as they happen, and they would be the most relevant sources for that type of information.

If you were researching the first smartphone introduced by Apple, what source would provide the most relevant information on the topic?

A user manual provided with the original smartphone describing product features. Relevant information is information that is on-topic, credible, and appropriate for whatever time period you are covering. In this case, the manager may have insights into current iPhones, but not the history of the device. The blogger is presenting their personal preferences and, in any case, is also off-topic. Bill Gates may have provided useful anecdotes in his TED talk, but you're not interested in ''the future of technology.'' The user manual is the best source because it is credible, directly related to the topic, and comes from the time and context that you're researching.

What would be considered as an example of an author's credentials?

Awards, degrees earned, and the experience with the topic that the author might have. When verifying the trustworthiness of the author, finding out the author's credentials - things that they have earned and accomplished which make them experts on their topic - is a good way to learn whether your author is reliable in giving information.

CHAPTER 3 Which step involves forming a question to help direct your research and to become the controlling idea of the paper?

Create a research question Once you have a general topic, you must narrow it down to help you focus your research. If you don't have a specific idea, or a research question, you'll struggle to find relevant information.

What is the proper order of the steps in writing a research paper?

Choose a topic, create a research question, find reliable sources and start the bibliography, take notes and make an outline, write a rough draft, revise and edit, and publish This is the proper sequence you should follow for writing a research paper. If you switch some of the steps, you'll lose focus and the paper will not be as effective. Always start by choosing a topic and end with the final touches in the publishing stage.

Which isn't a piece of information you absolutely need to note about each source you use in a research paper?

Illustrator You definitely need the author, publisher, and date for all your sources. You would only need to record the illustrator if you're using that specific visual in your project.

In which step do you create a general plan for each paragraph of your paper?

Take notes and make an outline An outline is the plan for what you'll include in each paragraph. Do this before you write a rough draft so you know exactly where you're going as you write.

What is the difference between revising and editing?

Revising involves rewording sentences or changing ideas, whereas editing focuses on the mechanical aspects. After a rough draft is complete, you need to revise and then edit. Revising might involve changing only the words you use, but it might also involve adjusting ideas and concepts. Editing is different. It focuses solely on correcting grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

Where are topic sentences generally found in writing? Why?

At the beginning of a paragraph to summarize the main point of the written piece for the reader A topic sentence is generally at the beginning of a paragraph and gives a one-sentence summary of the main point.

Why is a thesis statement so important in writing?

It clearly explains the main idea and helps readers to better understand what the piece of writing is all about. We can look at the thesis as a more developed plot statement which explains the main idea and allows us to bring some context to our piece in order to help the reader better understand what the writing is all about.

Which of the following statements best defines the main idea of an essay?

It is the key concept being expressed or examined. The main idea is the key concept being expressed or examined. Putting this in our movie frame of reference, the main idea would be the broad context on what the movie is about.

Which of the following is true?

Main ideas, thesis statements, and topic sentences help structure a written piece, aiding the reader's understanding. Writing great thesis statements and topic sentences that align with your main idea will help readers to understand the theme, ideas, and central focus of your essay. People are much happier reading an essay when it is structured to help them understand what it is supposed to be about. They can grab a hold of the context and read with purpose, thereby allowing a much easier and memorable reading experience.

What is a similarity between an overly detailed thesis statement and a vague thesis statement?

In both cases, the thesis statement would make it more difficult for the reader to follow your arguments. In order to avoid confusion for the reader and help them follow your arguments there are two key points to remember when writing a thesis statement: 1.) Don't make any points in your thesis that won't be in the rest of your paper, 2.) Don't make your thesis so vague that it doesn't really communicate anything of substance.

Why is a thesis statement the most important component of an essay?

It tells the main point of the essay as well as the writer's position. A thesis statement communicates the main point of an essay and expresses the writer's position.

How does a well written thesis statement help the reader?

It introduces the points to be made in the essay. A good thesis helps your reader know what to expect in your paper right from the start.

You can make use of ideas that you generated during prewriting/brainstorming _____.

to draft the because clause in your thesis statement It is not necessary to make up a 'because' reasoning on the fly. Instead, draw your reasoning directly from your brainstorming ideas.

The 'should ... because structure' for thesis statements in persuasive essays _____.

allows you to state your position clearly as well as your reasoning for that position Stating your position as well as the reasoning for it are both important.

Why is the 'bridge' used?

To transition from the attention getter to the thesis. Your job is to take readers from side A, or the attention getter, to side B, the thesis statement. The sentence or two between these are identified as, no coincidence, the bridge.

Which of the following identifies the proper order for the introductory paragraph?

Attention Getter - Bridge - Thesis You should start with an attention getter, then use a bridging sentence which will make a logical transition towards your thesis.

Why is the attention getter such an important element of the introductory paragraph?

Because if the essay writer cannot engage the reader, their message will most likely be lost. One of the main goals of the attention getter is to engage the reader from the very start.

The following quote from a teenage girl, about her experience with cyberbullying, was reported by professors Sameer Hinduja and Justin W. Patchin.

'It makes me hurt both physically and mentally. It scares me and takes away all my confidence. It makes me feel sick and worthless' (Hinduja and Patchin 2010)

Why is the quote an effective attention getter?

The pain expressed in her quote allows readers to empathize with her, even if they haven't experienced something similar. The attention getter is the first thing your readers encounter, and your job as a writer is to capture their attention and make them want to keep reading.

Why is it important to include evidence in support of your arguments when writing?

It is necessary if you want to convince readers to believe what you are saying. Evidence is your answer to the reader who says, 'So wait…why should I just believe you?' You need evidence to back up your points and effectively persuade a doubting reader that you're right.

You are writing a standardized test essay arguing that not everyone always gets what they deserve. Which of the following would be a good piece of supporting evidence?

Once you got in trouble for something your sister did. Keep in mind that your evidence should be relevant to your argument. If you are writing about 'not everyone always gets what they deserve', then the best supporting evidence would be the relevant story about how you once got in trouble for something your sister did.

Fructose from whole foods does not seem to be harmful. Consumption of whole fruit is associated with lower mortality.

The first sentence is the author's main argument, and the second is a piece of evidence. Pick the sentence that would connect the evidence to the argument.

Fruit, for example, is a whole food that contains fructose. In order to connect the evidence to the argument we need to use examples, facts, statistics, and other evidence to support the point. The sentence, 'Fruit, for example, is a whole food that contains fructose', does exactly this because it is a concrete example that supports the argument.

Once they have taken over NASA, we believe that the aliens are planning to infiltrate the CIA. The aliens have been meeting in the middle of the night and current intelligence includes encrypted transmissions (see figure A) indicating such a plan.

In the excerpt above, what constitutes good evidence that the aliens are planning to infiltrate the CIA? why?

'encrypted transmissions (see figure A) indicating such a plan;' This is specific data indicating a plan cited in the text. Remember that evidence can be data, facts, and examples that support your point. The correct answer is ''encrypted transmissions (see figure A) indicating such a plan' because it cites specific data in the text.

You have written an essay in which you claim that 'Southern Georgia was once the home to an underground civilization.' Which of the following provides the BEST evidence in order to convince your reader? Why?

'We know this because underground road systems have been found there;' It gives relevant information of specific evidence found underground. Remember that in a standardized test essay, you want to use examples from history or literature as evidence to support your point. Therefore, 'We know this because underground road systems have been found there', is the BEST evidence because it provides a specific example that is relevant.

What three pieces of information should students include when citing AI research?

The prompt used, AI program name and version, and access date Student should include the AI prompt or sequence of prompts that they used to generate AI results, the name and version of the AI program that they've used, and the date when they accessed their findings. This will allow readers of the research to appropriately contextualize how the text was created, and prevents AI outputs from being passed off as a student's original work.

What are hallucinations in the context of AI research tools?

False information that AI confidently presents as reality Hallucinations are defined as "false information that it confidently presents as reality." This is identified as one of the key shortcomings of AI that requires careful human oversight, along with bias and omissions.

A student uses AI to generate a summary of research paper body paragraphs they wrote. The student submits the body paragraphs and AI-generated summary section as their research paper. Analyze this scenario in terms of ethical AI use.

The summary violates ethical standards because AI is acting as an author, not a proofreader Students may also not use an AI summary or paraphrase of the student's original writing and claim it as their own. When AI summarizes or paraphrases content it is acting as an author and not a proofreader, which crosses the ethical boundary from acceptable editing assistance to inappropriate authorship. In this case, the student should not have used AI to generate their paper summary.

Why is human oversight of AI tools essential?

To preserve control of AI systems and prevent the risks of independent AI systems beyond human command While AI plagiarism is a serious academic integrity issue, enfeeblement could allow "AI systems to grow beyond our capacity to understand and therefore control them." Consequences of AI enfeeblement could be farther reaching and create system breakdown in ways that are a more fundamental existential threat than academic dishonesty.

What is a student's responsibility when using AI as an academic tool?

Disclosing AI use is an important act of transparency, similar to the importance of citation in academic work overall. Vetting outputs for reliability is critical because AI tools can hallucinate, produce false information, or provide an incomplete response. It's up to students to ensure their work is complete and well-rounded. Critical thinking skills are an important part of any academic activity, and critical use of AI will create stronger students more equipped to be successful in their eventual careers.

A unified body paragraph is one that _____.

has sentences that all stick to the main idea expressed in the topic sentence For a body paragraph to be unified, all of the sentences in that paragraph should stick to the main idea expressed in the topic sentence.

Which of the following is the best approach to take when writing body paragraphs to create an essay?

First explain the main point, then follow with a chronological and clear explanation. A basic principle while writing body paragraphs is to use chronological order, and not to back up and start adding details at one point in a paragraph when they should have been included earlier.

How are transitional sentences important in achieving coherence in body paragraphs?

They show how the ideas relate to one another. Transitional sentences in the body paragraph allow the reader to see how the ideas relate to one another.

A coherent body paragraph is one that _____.

has clear, logical sentences that flow together well To achieve coherence, a paragraph should be clear and logical, with sentences that flow together well.

A well-developed body paragraph is one that _____.

has sufficient supporting details and examples The key to developing body paragraphs is to use supporting details and examples as main points are discussed.

What is an anecdote?

A very short story. An anecdote can help make the conclusion more interesting.

How is the thesis statement used in the conclusion?

It is restated in the conclusion, but in different words. The thesis statement needs to be restated in the conclusion, but in a different way.