Anatomy and Physiology 2nd semester review

external acoustic meatus

ear canal

auricle (pinna)

external portion of the ear that you can see

hammer (malleus)

A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil

anvil (incus)

A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup

stirrup (stapes)

last bone of the middle ear that presses on the oval window of the inner ear

vestibule

part of bony labyrinth that houses the oval and round windows

semicircular canals

passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium

cochlea

a spiral-shaped, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that contains the organ of corti

vestibulochochlear nerve

sends sensory and motor impulses for equilibrium and hearing to the brain

oval window

membrane at the entrance to the bony labyrinth of the inner ear through which the ossicles transmit vibrations

round window

located just below the oval window on the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

ossicles

tiny bones in the middle ear

perilymph

fluid that surrounds the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

endolymph

fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear

iris

a ring of smooth muscle that is pigmented; controls the size of the pupil opening in response to light

ciliary body

contains smooth muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor.

ciliary zonule

suspensory ligament that attaches the lens to the ciliary body

optic disc

Region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. It is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light.

fovea centralis

area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute

optic nerve

carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the sensory receptor rods and cones

choroid

middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera

Sclera

white of the eye; outer fibrous tissue

Cornea

the transparent layer forming the anterior surface of the eye.

vitreous humor

jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape

aqueous humor

watery fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens

pupil

opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye

lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

thymus gland

located posterior to sternum in chest; secretes thymosin--develops WBC's for immune system (t cells)

pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls many other endocrine glands; called the "master gland"

hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland; makes ADH & oxytocin

anterior pituitary hormones

Secretes Acth, LH, FSH, TSH, Prolactin, and GH

posterior pituitary hormones

ADH and oxytocin

thyroid gland

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck and is responsible for body metabolism; produces thyroid hormones and calcitonin

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

regulates metabolism

parathyroid glands

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

raises blood calcium level

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels by storing Ca in bone

adrenal medulla hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal cortex hormones

aldosterone and cortisol (glucocorticoids)

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

Pancreas

organ in the abdominal cavity that secretes insulin and glucagon to help regulate blood glucose levels.

insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that reduces blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

pineal gland

located in 3rd ventricle of brain; secretes melatonin

Ovaries

Glands that produce female reproductive hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Testes

the male gonads that produce sperm and male hormones (testosterone)

Estrogen

Female sex hormone responsible for maturing female reproductive organs during puberty, preparing uterus for implantation, maintaining pregnancy and prepares breasts to produce milk

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle & helps embryo implant into the uterus

Testosterone

Male sex hormone made in the testes that stimulates growth and maturation of the male reproductive system during puberty; stimulates development of male sex characteristics; produces sperm cells

negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a response is triggered that counteracts or reduces the initial stimulus

positive feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

Melatonin

Pineal gland hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and seasonal changes.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

hormones involved in "fight or flight" --aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose level and respiration

luteinizing hormone (LH)

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland to trigger ovulation in females and testosterone production in males (ICSH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by anterior pituitary gland; stimulates production of ova (eggs) and sperm

steroid hormones

hormones that enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus

nonsteroid hormones

hormones that bind to receptors on the target cell's surface to activate an enzyme without entering the cell

Growth Hormone (GH)

regulates the growth of the body; too much causes pituitary giantism; too little causes pituitary dwarfism

type 1 diabetes mellitus

diabetes caused by a total lack of insulin production; usually develops in childhood, and patients require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder

type 2 diabetes mellitus

diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival

nephron

functional unit of the kidney

kidney

organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood

ureter

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

urinary bladder

hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine

Urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

renal calyx

funnels urine from renal pyramid toward pelvis and then ureter

renal medulla

inner region of the kidney

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney

renal capsule

The connective tissue covering the external surface of the kidney

renal columns

tissue between pyramids

renal pyramids

triangular-shaped areas of tissue in the medulla of the kidney

filtrate

fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into the tubules of the kidney

glomerulus

small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of blood takes place

urine

fluid produced by the kidneys, normally containing water, nitrogenous waste, sodium and other ions

micturition

another term for urination

incontinence

inability to control urination (micturition)

urinary retention

inability to empty the bladder

cystitis

bladder infection

detrusor muscle

the smooth muscle layers of the bladder

dialysis

a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function

Gallbladder

stores bile

liver

produces bile

Pancreas

secretes hormones (insulin) and other digestive enzymes into the duodenum

alimentary canal

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

accessory organs

help with digestion (ex: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

oral cavity (mouth)

cavity that receives food for digestion

tongue

manipulates food for swallowing; a taste organ

teeth

hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Esophagus

tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

duodenum

first part of the small intestine

ileum

third portion of the small intestine; attaches to cecum

jejunum

the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum.

cecum

first part of the large intestine

appendix

blind pouch hanging from the cecum

ascending colon

portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum

transverse colon

the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach.

descending colon

portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon