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pathogens
microbes that cause disease
helminth
a parasitic worm
hydroxide ions
what bases add
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
correct taxonomy order
exergonic
reactions where more energy is released than spent to start the reaction
pleomorphic
variation w size/shape of cells of a single species from nutritional and genetic differences
their net negative charge
why it’s unusual to use acidic dyes when doing a simple stain
water moves into the cell
what happens when a bacteria is put in a pure hypotonic solution
amphitrichous
flagellar arrangement where bacteria has flagella at each end of the cell
genome
the entire collection of genetic material in a cell or virus
dermatophytes
true pathogens that cause fungal infections in hair, skin, and nails
ignaz semmelweis
the scientist who told everyone to wash their hands to reduce infections
mesophile
an organism that grows best between 20 - 50 ºC
halophiles
microbes that thrive in high-salt environments
infectious dose-50
number of cells needed to establish an infection in 50% of exposed hosts
sulfonamide
inhibits folic acid synthesis
polymyxin
interacts with membrane phospholipids to distort the cell surface and cause leaky protein and nitrogenous bases
reduction
gain of electrons
amphibolic
metabolic pathways that have catabolic and metabolic components
polyenes
a class of drug that targets fungal plasma membranes
azoles
a class of drug that targets fungal plasma membranes
allyamines
a class of drug that targets fungal plasma membranes
catalase
an enzyme that detoxifies harmful oxygen
superoxide dismutase
an enzyme that detoxifies harmful oxygen
zoonotic
diseases spread from animals to humans
microbial growth
an increase in cell number
facultative anaerobe
an organism that grows with or without oxygen, uses oxygen if present
streptomycin
binds to the 30s ribosome & causes mRNA to be misread
alexander flemming
discovered penicillin
active site
where a substrate binds on an enzyme
alcohols
disinfectant that denatures proteins and attacks lipid membranes
catabolism
process where larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
siderophores
organic molecules that pull iron from out iron-binding proteins
diapedesis
when phagocytes squeeze between the endothelial cells in bvs
IgE
antibodies that bind to large parasites
IgM
antibody that is produced first after an infection
plasma
activated b cells that can produce antibodies
naturally acquired passive immunity
newborns’ immunity from transfer of ab’s across the placenta is what type of immunity?
type 1
which type of hypersensitivity reactions involve mast cells and basophils
tumor necrosis factor alpha
signaling protein that stimulates inflammation, kills tumor cells, and stimulates fever
antimicrobial peptides
stimulates leukocytes and directly target pathogens
dyspnea
shortness of breath
epitope
portion of antigenic molecule where a lymphocyte responds
mycoplasma pneumoniae
etiological agent of walking pneumonia
edward jenner
first to successfully immunize people against smallpox
live vaccines
vaccinations that have altered pathogens that don’t cause disease but are still infectious
type 3
type of hypersensitivity where IgG or IgM binds to soluble targets
opsonization
process where an invader is tagged with complement proteins to be phagocytized
streptococcus pneumoniae
etiological agent of pneumococcal pneumonia
grandzyme
enzymes that attack proteins of target cells
allergen
any antigen that triggers IgE production
neuraminidase
virulence factor on influenza virus
immunotherapy
anticancer treatments geared at boosting immune system defenses
streptococcus pyogenes
etiological agent of strep throat
alternative
complement system pathway initiated by complement proteins binding directly to pathogens
mucociliary escalator
traps microbes and sweeps them away from the lungs and towards the mouth by ciliated cells
catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent
three stages of whooping cough
