Chapter 5: Populations

Malnutrition

________ is poor nutrition that results from an insufficient or poorly balanced diet; those whose diets lack essential vitamins and other components often suffer from it.

Food and Agriculture Organization

According to the ________, or FAO, 795 million people on Earth are undernourished.

x axis

The ________ contains the information relating to the percent or number of individuals in each of the age groups.

ocean currents

A clam, for example, produces millions of eggs, but the larvae are highly vulnerable to dying off from ________ and predators.

America

Feeding ________ receives food from food processors and distributors and redistributes it via food banks.

Thomas Malthus

In 1794, ________ wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population.

Green Revolution

When the ________ took place in the 1950s and 1960s, the rapid increase in global food supply was again followed by rapid population growth.

environmental resistance

Harsh living conditions can be considered ________, an umbrella term for conditions that slow a populations growth.

macronutrients

Some nutrients, or ________, are needed in large amounts.

Uniform dispersion

________ is often the result of competition for resources in an ecosystem.

II Mortality

Type ________ and survival rates are fairly constant throughout life.

birth rate

The replacement ________ of a human population refers to the number of children a couple must have in order to replace themselves in a population.

Total fertility rates

________ are predictions that provide a rough estimate, but they cant be depended on because they assume that the conditions of the past will be the conditions of the future.

maximum population

The carrying capacity (K) of a particular species in a particular environment is defined as the ________ size for the species that can sustainably be supported by the available resources in that environment.

demographic transition model

The ________ is used to predict population trends based on the birth and death rates of a population.

Uniform

________: The members of the population are ________ spaced throughout their geographic region.

demographic transition

When a population moves from the first state to the second state, the process is called ________.

resource depletion

If ________ is severe enough, the carrying capacity of the environment may be lowered.

infant mortality rate

The ________ is the number of deaths of children under 1 year old per 1, 000 live births.

Population dispersion

________ is a little more complicated; this term refers to how individuals of a population are spaced within a region.

Uniform

The members of the population are uniformly spaced throughout their geographic region

Random

The position of each individual is not determined or influenced by the positions of the other members of the population

Clumped

The most common dispersion pattern for populations

Likewise, species can be divided into two groups based on their reproductive strategies

the r-selected pattern or the K-selected pattern

Heres the difference

r-selected organisms have populations below the carrying capacity of their environment, which means that population growth is constrained only by the species own biological limits

When we observe populations in their natural habitats, there are two patterns that are more specific and involve more factors than just overshoot and dieback

the boom-and-bust cycle and the predator-prey cycle

Some age-structure diagrams group humans into three categories by age

those who are pre-reproductive (0-14), those who are reproductive (15-44), and those who are post-reproductive (45 and older)

In this model, a population can experience zero population growth via two different means

as a result of high birth rates and high death rates; or as a result of low birth rates and low death rates

Preindustrial state

In this state, the population exhibits a slow rate of growth and has a high birth rate and high death rate because of harsh living conditions

Transitional state

In this second state, birth rates are high, but due to better food, water, and health care, death rates are lower

Industrial state

In the third state, population growth is still fairly high, but the birth rate drops, becoming similar to the death rate

Postindustrial state

In the final state, the population approaches and reaches a zero-growth rate