ISS: Exam 2-1

How many immigrants came to the United States during the last two decades of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century?

Approximately 23 million.

What percentage of the U.S. population was foreign born in 1910?

14.7%.

Which workers built the railways in the United States according to Portes?

Railways were built by Irish immigrants that lived in construction camps.

Which European groups faced heavy discrimination in the United States?

Italians, and Southern and Eastern Europeans.

Which company recruited descendants of formerly enslaved Africans as early as 1916?

Ford Motor Company.

What was the purpose of labor recruitment in the Northeast and Midwest?

To supply the large manufacturing industry with cheap, abundant, and unorganized labor that would break trade unions.

What was the outcome of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

Mexico ceded its territory to the US, including Texas, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

What was the first piece of federal legislation that excluded a nationality?

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

What were the restrictions placed on Japanese people by a 1920 law?

Japanese were forbidden from leasing land or acting as guardians of native-born minors in matters of property.

Which immigrants were exempt from the 1918 ban on 'illiterates'?

Immigrants from Mexico and Canada.

Who was exempted from the 1924 National Origins Act?

Mexico and Western Hemisphere countries.

What does Portes write about the Great Depression and deportation?

It slowed arrivals of immigrants and increased deportation to free up jobs for unemployed American citizens.

What was the Bracero Program?

A contractual agreement for Mexican workers who worked for farms to stimulate the depressed economy.

What happened with the 1965 Act according to Portes?

It helped Mexican immigrants from the Bracero program to remain employed and legalize their situation.

What was the 70s 'spatial fix'?

Companies moved production facilities abroad to reduce labor costs.

What is considered the principal 'pull' factor for labor migration?

The expansion of the H-2 Program, higher wages, and more economic opportunities.

What does Portes refer to as 'bottom tier' demand?

The demand for manual labor.

What is ICE and what occurred in 2008?

Immigration and Customs Enforcement, which began mass deportations.

What is the H-1B program?

A program allowing U.S. employers to sponsor professional immigrants for employment.

What are 'ethnic enclaves' according to Portes?

Immigrant enterprises that only hire individuals of the same ethnicity.

What did the Refugee Act of 1980 aim to change?

It aimed to eliminate the practice of granting asylum only to escapees from Communist-controlled nations.

What distinguishes a refugee from an asylee?

A refugee is outside the U.S. and must be transported here, while an asylee is already within U.S. territory.

What type of immigrants did earlier flows primarily consist of?

Manual Laborers.

What does geographical propinquity mean in relation to immigrant workers?

Proximity to the homeland reduces journey costs and return costs.

Which immigrant groups were primarily recruited for canal construction?

Irish and Italian workers.

Which immigrant groups were concentrated in the Midwest for heavy industry?

Central and Eastern European peoples.

What two immigrant groups were associated with railway construction?

Chinese and Mexicans.

Which immigrant group took advantage of cheap land in the Midwest?

Germans, Scandinavians, and Czech immigrants.

Which immigrants tend to be more dispersed throughout the country?

Professionals.

Which state had the largest number of immigrants in 2019?

California.

What immigrant group was the most dispersed across the country in 2019?

Indians.

Which group of immigrants concentrated in New York City?

Indians and Chinese.

What were the potential benefits of spatial concentration for immigrants?

Individualistic aspirations should lead to dispersal for upward economic mobility.