AP 102 Lab Practical 1-8

Astrocyte

Cerebellum

Cochlea

Dorsal root ganglion

Meissner’s corpuscle

Pacinian corpuscle

Myelinated neuron/nodes of ranvier

Retina

Fungiform

Circumvallate

Foliate

Pineal gland

produces melatonin

cerebrum

Thought, memory, reasoning, learning, sensory processing

cerebellum

Coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining balance and posture

corpus callosum

Connects left and right cerebral hemisphere for communication

precentral gyrus

Initiate and control voluntary motor movements

post central gyrus

Processes touch, pain, temperature

thalamus

Primary relay station and information hub

hypothalamus

Homeostasis: heart rate, temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep

superior colliculus

Visual

inferior colliculus

auditory

optic tract

Carry visual information from optic chiasm

optic nerve

Carries signals from both eyes to brain

optic chiasm

Where optic nerves cross

olfactory bulb

Sense of smell

Fornix

limbic system; memory

pons

relay system; regulates vital unconscious processes

medulla oblongata

Involuntary autonomic functions; breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

arbor vitae

Relay sensory and motor information from cortex to cerebellum

midbrain

motor control, eye movement, processing auditory and visual information

foramen magnum

Passageway connecting cranial cavity to spinal canal

cerebral aqueduct

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles for CSF

pituitary gland

Control growth, metabolism, reproduction, blood pressure

CN I

olfactory; sense of smell

CN II

optic; vision

CN III

oculomotor; eye movements, pupil constriction

CN IV

trochlear; up and down eye movement

CN V

trigeminal; facial sensation, chewing

CN VI

Abducens; outward eye movement

CN VII

facial; facial expressions

CN VIII

vestibulocochlear; hearing and balance

CN IX

glosssopharyngeal; swallowing, taste, sensation in throat

CN X

vagus; digestion, heart rate, vocal cords

CN XI

accessory; neck and shoulder movements

CN XII

hypoglossal; tongue movements

Superior orbital fissure

CN III, IV, VI, V1

optic foramen

CN II

jugular foramen

CN IX, X, XI

hypoglossal

CN XII

spinal stenosis

Narrowing of the spaces within your spine, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerves

spinal cord fusion surgery

Permanently joins two or more vertebrae to stabilize the spine and stop painful motion caused by conditions like degenerative disc disease, or scoliosis

herniated discs

Occurs when the soft, jelly-like center of the spinal disc pushes through a tear in its tougher outer ring

snellen chart

Astigmatism chart

lens

Transmit and bend incoming light

retina

Capture light, convert to electrical impulses, and transmit signals to brain

sclera

Structural support, protection, attachment for eye muscles

cornea

Protective layer of the eye

optic nerve

Carries visual messages from retina to brain’s visual cortex

iris

Controls size of pupil and amount of light that reaches the retina

ciliary bodies

Focusing and produces aqueous humor

choroid

Supplies oxygen and nutrients, and supports outer retina

astigmatism

Caused by irregularly shaped cornea or lens; prevents light from focusing evenly on the retina (blurred or distorted vision)

glaucoma

Group of eye disease that damage the optic nerve, due to abnormally high pressure inside the eye (leads to blindness)

retinal detachment

Occurs when retina pulls away from normal position (leads to blindness)

Dry eyes

Occurs when eyes do not produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly, leading to an unstable tear film

floaters

Small specks, threads, or cobweb-like shapes that drift across vision; shadows cast on retina by tiny clumps of collage or gel inside the vitreous humor