AP Euro Winter Winter Exam- The Reformation & Wars of Religion

Council of Trent

Council called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and to secure reconciliation with the Protestants

Dutch Republic (Netherlands)

The seven Northern Dutch provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, creating a defensive alliance against the Spanish, but they were politically independent with no absolute ruler; Thus, the Dutch Republic was really more of an oligarchy, with power concentrated in the hands of wealthy merchants; experienced a Golden Age 1588-1672

Edict of Nantes

signed by Henry IV, agreement to tolerate Protestants and end French Wars of Religion

French Wars of Religion

prolonged period of war and popular unrest between Catholics and Huguenots in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598

Henry VIII

King of England known for his six marriages, including his efforts to have his 1st marriage annulled; Parliament declared him supreme head of the Church of England

Holy Roman Empire

loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes

Huguenots

French Calvinists; prosecuted and killed, such as during the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre; earned their right to have liberty of conscience and liberty of worship by the Edict of Nantes

Jesuits

religious order that became the chief instrument of the Catholic Reformation (Society of Jesus)

John Calvin

French theologian and founder of Calvinism; believed in Predestination

Martin Luther

German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church; wrote 95 Theses, or statements to reform the church and their practices; criticized the sale of indulgences

Peasant Revolt of 1524

Bands of angry peasants went about the country side raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning, feeling that they could defy all injustices and still go to heaven with Luther's teachings. Princes' armies with Luther's support crushed these revolts in Germany and over 100,000 were killed. Because of this, Luther seriously began to questions his efforts if they produced so much death. This was the greatest German peasant rebellion ever

Philip II of Spain

The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was an intolerant, Catholic king.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Roman Inquisition

A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution; employed torture; helped stop the spread of Protestantism in Spain and Italy

Spanish Inquisition

more severe than Roman Inquisition; officially begun with Pope Gregory XI; tribunal court system used by both the Catholic Church and Catholic monarchs to root out, suppress, and punish heretics

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572; targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia; European continental war that begun as a local religious conflict but became more continental and political with each expanding phase of the war

Witch Hunts

Hysteria over witchcraft affected the lives of many Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries