Lymphatic System Definitons

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blood cells can be classified into three groups:
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
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erythrocytes
red blood cells
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leukyocytes
white blood cells
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thrombocytes
blood platelets
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blast
immature erythrocytes
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erythrocytes and leukocytes are formed in the...
bone marrow
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hemoglobin
replaces a blast's nucleus as it matures, allows transport of O and CO2
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polymorphonuclear
pertaining to nucleus of many forms
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polymorphonuclear leukocytes are also called..
granulocytes, because their cytoplasm has granules
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granules
tiny particles that contain enzymes for digesting infectious microorganisms
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Mononuclear leukocytes are also called...
agranulocytes, because the dont have granules.
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agranulocytes are also known as
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
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granulocytes are aka
mononuclear leukocytes
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types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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neutrophils
destroy pathogens, aka phagocytes
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phagocytes
swallow, engulf
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eosinophils
secrete stuff that attacks parasites, also respond during an allergic reaction
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basophils
contain histamine and heparin, function not fully understood
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histamine
is released during an inflammatory response.
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heparin
natural acid that prevents coagulation
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agranulocytes are classified into..
lymphocytes and monocytes
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lymphocytes
involved in immune surveillance, process of detecting and destroying pathogens
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monocytes
large, single nucleus phagocytes that swallows dead or dying cells and tissues.
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how are macrophages formed?
monocytes turn into macrophages when they move from the bloodstream into body tissues
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what happens to monocytes when they move from the bloodstream to the body tissues?
they turn into macrophages
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where are macrophages commonly found in?
spleen, liver, and connective tissue
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Cell fragments that have broken off megakaryocytes
thrombocytes/blood platelets
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megakaryocytes
bone marrow cells with very large nuclei
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what do thrombocytes/blood platelets do?
they aid in coagulation
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where did thrombocytes/blood platelets come from
they broke off from megakaryocytes
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plasma
liquid portion of the blood
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plasma contains
water, hormones, protiens, sugar, salts, waste products.
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four key proteins in plasma
albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin
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albumin
maintains proper amount of water. opposes water's tendency to leak into cells and tissues, which would cause edema (swelling)
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globulin
makes up large portion of proteins in plasma. three types of it
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three types of globulin
alpha, beta, gamma
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alpha and beta globulins function
transport lipids thru blood
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what helps transport lipids through blood?
alpha and beta globulins
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gamma globulins
composed of mainly immunoglobulins, proteins that act as antibodies.
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antibodies
proteins that counteracts a specific antigen
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fibrinogen
creates bridges between blood platelets, which is involved in blood clotting
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fibrinogen and prothrombin are formed in the..
liver
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prothrombin
converted into thrombin when injury occurs to blood vessel
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the immune system differs from other systems because...
it is not contained within a single set of organs or vessels
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how is your integumentary system a part the immune system?
skin is a barrier against pathogens
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how is your respiratory system a part of your immune system?
cilia traps pathogens
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how is your digestive system a part of your immune system?
stomach acids and enzymes kill pathogens
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how is your lymphatic system a part of your immune system?
its network of lymphatic cells, tissues, vessels, and organs plays a central role in fighting pathogens
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lymph is also known as...
lymphatic fluid or interstitial fluid
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purpose of lymph/lymphatic fluid/interstitial fluid
removes wastes, toxins, and pathogens
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lymph, unlike blood...
only has leukocytes and plasma
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lymphatic vessels are either...
capillaries or ducts
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lymphatic capillaries
thin walled, microscopic tubes that carry lymph to larger vessels. propel in only one way
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where do the lymphatic capillaries propel lymph
away from tissues, to thoracic cavity
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the right lymphatic duct drains lymph from...
right arm and right side of head and thorax.
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the thoracic duct drains lymph from...
lower right and left side of the body
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lacteals
specialized lymphatic vessels located in the villi of the small intestine. remove waste products from villi and carries it to the thoracic duct
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lymph nodes
filters pathogens from lymph before it is returned to the blood, makes lymphocytes
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tonsils
small masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring in the pharynx and nasal cavity. trapping pathogens that enter the mouth and nose
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three types of tonsils
palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, adenoids (aka pharyngeal tonsils)
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where are the palatine tonsils
either side of the throat
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where are the lingual tonsils
base of the tongue
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where are the adenoids/pharyngeal tonsils
upper part of throat behind the nose (nasopharynx)
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thymus
gland that secrets thymosin. diminishes after puberty
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mediastinum
space between lungs
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thymosin
stimulates the bone marrow to manufacture T lymphocytes
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largest lymphatic organ
spleen
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spleen functions:
filters blood by destroying worn out red blood cells, produces lymphocytes, stores thrombocytes, reservoir for blood
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hemolysis
breaking down of blood cells
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which lymphatic organ controls the amount of blood in the body
spleen
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liver
does hemolysis and stores healthy erythrocytes
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peyer's patches
small bundle of lymphatic tissue in the walls of the small intestine. protect small intestine against pathogens that enter through the digestive tract.
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T cell types
cytotoxic(T8), helper T cells(T4), Natural killer cells (NK), Suppressor cells
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Cytotoxic (T8)
attach to antigens and destroy them
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antigens
proteins on pathogen, unique to specific pathogen
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Helper cells (T4)
aid B lymphocytes
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NK
recognizes certain sugar patterns on pathogenic cells and targets them
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Suppressor cells
slow or stop B lymphocytes when the pathogen has been controlled or destroyed.
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B lymphocytes
secrete immunoglobulins and turn into plasma cells. this process is called humoral immunity
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Ig G
main defense against infectious invaders in the body. Makes up 7% percent of immunoglobulins
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Ig M
fights blood infections. powerful agglutinating agent
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IgE
secreted by plasma cells in the skin, tonsils, and respiratory and gastrointenstinal tracts. release bistamine
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IgD
found in blood plasma in very small amounts, attach themselves to surfaces of B cells as antigen receptors
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IgA
antibodies found in respiratory and gastrointenstinal tracts. secreted in saliva, tears, and breast milk
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phagocytosis
phagocytes engulf and digest foreign pathogens