Lymphatic System Definitons

blood cells can be classified into three groups:

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

erythrocytes

red blood cells

leukyocytes

white blood cells

thrombocytes

blood platelets

blast

immature erythrocytes

erythrocytes and leukocytes are formed in the...

bone marrow

hemoglobin

replaces a blast's nucleus as it matures, allows transport of O and CO2

polymorphonuclear

pertaining to nucleus of many forms

polymorphonuclear leukocytes are also called..

granulocytes, because their cytoplasm has granules

granules

tiny particles that contain enzymes for digesting infectious microorganisms

Mononuclear leukocytes are also called...

agranulocytes, because the dont have granules.

agranulocytes are also known as

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

granulocytes are aka

mononuclear leukocytes

types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

neutrophils

destroy pathogens, aka phagocytes

phagocytes

swallow, engulf

eosinophils

secrete stuff that attacks parasites, also respond during an allergic reaction

basophils

contain histamine and heparin, function not fully understood

histamine

is released during an inflammatory response.

heparin

natural acid that prevents coagulation

agranulocytes are classified into..

lymphocytes and monocytes

lymphocytes

involved in immune surveillance, process of detecting and destroying pathogens

monocytes

large, single nucleus phagocytes that swallows dead or dying cells and tissues.

how are macrophages formed?

monocytes turn into macrophages when they move from the bloodstream into body tissues

what happens to monocytes when they move from the bloodstream to the body tissues?

they turn into macrophages

where are macrophages commonly found in?

spleen, liver, and connective tissue

Cell fragments that have broken off megakaryocytes

thrombocytes/blood platelets

megakaryocytes

bone marrow cells with very large nuclei

what do thrombocytes/blood platelets do?

they aid in coagulation

where did thrombocytes/blood platelets come from

they broke off from megakaryocytes

plasma

liquid portion of the blood

plasma contains

water, hormones, protiens, sugar, salts, waste products.

four key proteins in plasma

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin

albumin

maintains proper amount of water. opposes water's tendency to leak into cells and tissues, which would cause edema (swelling)

globulin

makes up large portion of proteins in plasma. three types of it

three types of globulin

alpha, beta, gamma

alpha and beta globulins function

transport lipids thru blood

what helps transport lipids through blood?

alpha and beta globulins

gamma globulins

composed of mainly immunoglobulins, proteins that act as antibodies.

antibodies

proteins that counteracts a specific antigen

fibrinogen

creates bridges between blood platelets, which is involved in blood clotting

fibrinogen and prothrombin are formed in the..

liver

prothrombin

converted into thrombin when injury occurs to blood vessel

the immune system differs from other systems because...

it is not contained within a single set of organs or vessels

how is your integumentary system a part the immune system?

skin is a barrier against pathogens

how is your respiratory system a part of your immune system?

cilia traps pathogens

how is your digestive system a part of your immune system?

stomach acids and enzymes kill pathogens

how is your lymphatic system a part of your immune system?

its network of lymphatic cells, tissues, vessels, and organs plays a central role in fighting pathogens

lymph is also known as...

lymphatic fluid or interstitial fluid

purpose of lymph/lymphatic fluid/interstitial fluid

removes wastes, toxins, and pathogens

lymph, unlike blood...

only has leukocytes and plasma

lymphatic vessels are either...

capillaries or ducts

lymphatic capillaries

thin walled, microscopic tubes that carry lymph to larger vessels. propel in only one way

where do the lymphatic capillaries propel lymph

away from tissues, to thoracic cavity

the right lymphatic duct drains lymph from...

right arm and right side of head and thorax.

the thoracic duct drains lymph from...

lower right and left side of the body

lacteals

specialized lymphatic vessels located in the villi of the small intestine. remove waste products from villi and carries it to the thoracic duct

lymph nodes

filters pathogens from lymph before it is returned to the blood, makes lymphocytes

tonsils

small masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring in the pharynx and nasal cavity. trapping pathogens that enter the mouth and nose

three types of tonsils

palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, adenoids (aka pharyngeal tonsils)

where are the palatine tonsils

either side of the throat

where are the lingual tonsils

base of the tongue

where are the adenoids/pharyngeal tonsils

upper part of throat behind the nose (nasopharynx)

thymus

gland that secrets thymosin. diminishes after puberty

mediastinum

space between lungs

thymosin

stimulates the bone marrow to manufacture T lymphocytes

largest lymphatic organ

spleen

spleen functions:

filters blood by destroying worn out red blood cells, produces lymphocytes, stores thrombocytes, reservoir for blood

hemolysis

breaking down of blood cells

which lymphatic organ controls the amount of blood in the body

spleen

liver

does hemolysis and stores healthy erythrocytes

peyer's patches

small bundle of lymphatic tissue in the walls of the small intestine. protect small intestine against pathogens that enter through the digestive tract.

T cell types

cytotoxic(T8), helper T cells(T4), Natural killer cells (NK), Suppressor cells

Cytotoxic (T8)

attach to antigens and destroy them

antigens

proteins on pathogen, unique to specific pathogen

Helper cells (T4)

aid B lymphocytes

NK

recognizes certain sugar patterns on pathogenic cells and targets them

Suppressor cells

slow or stop B lymphocytes when the pathogen has been controlled or destroyed.

B lymphocytes

secrete immunoglobulins and turn into plasma cells. this process is called humoral immunity

Ig G

main defense against infectious invaders in the body. Makes up 7% percent of immunoglobulins

Ig M

fights blood infections. powerful agglutinating agent

IgE

secreted by plasma cells in the skin, tonsils, and respiratory and gastrointenstinal tracts. release bistamine

IgD

found in blood plasma in very small amounts, attach themselves to surfaces of B cells as antigen receptors

IgA

antibodies found in respiratory and gastrointenstinal tracts. secreted in saliva, tears, and breast milk

phagocytosis

phagocytes engulf and digest foreign pathogens