Clinical Investigation of Neonatal Disease

What is failure of passive transfer not a disease?

It is a predisposing factor to the development of a disease

What C/S is shared with many neonatal diseases?

Depressed mentation

What are some reasons for depressed mentation (SHADES)?

Septic

Hypothermic/glycemic

Acidotic

Dehydrated

Electrolyte abnormalities

Suffocation

What are your differentials for a sick neonatal ruminant?

Weak calf syndrome

Septicemia

Congenital abnormality

Diarrhea

Respiratory disease

What is the most important factor in preventing neonatal septicemia?

High quality colostrum and adequate passive transfer

What are the first things you look for when you have a weak neonatal rumijnant?

Are they hypothermic, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, severe metabolic derangement

When does the menace response manifest?

3 weeks old

What CNs are evaluated with facial expression?

CN VII (facial)

What CNs are evaluated with eyeball movement?

CN III, IV, VI, VII (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, facial)

What CNs are evaluated with vision?

CN II (optic)

What CNs are evaluated with the suckle reflex?

CN V, VII, IX, and XII (trigeminal, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal)

How do you evaluate hydration status?

CRT

Skin tent

Eyeball recession

What do you examine in the mouth?

MM color, moisture, CRT

Oral lesions

Breath odor

Airflow through both nostrils

What can cause oral lesions?

Orf, erosions from BVDV, cleft palate, petechiae

What can cause breath odor?

Necrotic laryngitis 

What can cause no airflow through both nostrils?

Choanal atresia

What do you examine on the eyes and ears?

Eyelid position

Sclera

Cornea/anterior chamber

Dropping ear

What are the best indicators of sepsis?

Sclera injection (blood vessels will be very pronounced)

Anterior uveitis

Hypopyon

What can BVDV do to the eyes?

Congenital cataracts and microphthalmia 

What can cause a dropping ear?

Otitis 2nd to Mycoplasma

Pasteurella

Haemophilus

Hypophyon

Scleral injection

What causes arrhythmias in calves?

Hyperkalemia due to calf diarrhea

What is the most common congenital cardiac abnormality in calves and cause of a murmur?

VSD

What does increased breath sounds and adventitial sounds indicate?

pneumonia

What can cause contous/distension in a calf?

Atresia of the GI tract or peritonitis due to perforating abomasal ulcer

What can succussion tell you on neonates?

Distended viscus

What is a common problem with the umbilicus?

Herniation, if warm swollen or painful then there could be an infection

What is oomphalitis?

Infection of the umbilicus

What is in the umbilicus?

Umbilical artery and vein and urachus

What becomes the round ligament of the liver?

Umbilical vein

What does the urachus create?

Goes to urinary bladder with 2 arteries

What structure of the umbilicus is most often infected?

Umbilical vein

What are some common birthing traumas/

Fractured ribs, broken limbs, broken mandible

Why do we palpate all joints?

Joint infection is common after neonatal septicemia

What are some common angular limb deformities?

Spider lamb disease

Chrondrodysplasia

What do you do for your musculoskeltal evalutaiton?

Evidence of birthing trauma

Palpate all joints

Angular limb deformities

What should you do if you have a patient with an umbilical hernia?

Do not breed them (genetic condition)

What is the most common cause of death in dairy calves?

GI disease