Praxis Vocabulary and Definitions for English Language Development

Hawthorne effect

in a study - change in behavior because you know you are being studied

yale swallow study

CTE

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

multiple head traumas- cognitive decline/memory defecits, + parkinsonian symptoms

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability

developmental disability

Insufficient development of the brain, resulting in some level of dysfunction or impairment.

prelocutionary stage

birth-8 months,

nonverbal and unintentional communication

Illocutionary stage

8-12 months

gestures

add vocalization

request, reuse, comment, communication games

intent is there, but no mouth words

Locutionary stage

12-18 months

use words to communicate with intent

preliterate

not developed reading, writing ,or spelling skills

nonliuterate

not expected to develop or regain reading, writing, or spelling skills

literate

has reading, writing, and spelling skills

emerging literacy

early experiences, such as being read and talked to, naming objects, and identifying letters, that prepare a child for later reading, writing, and language development

oral language

understand and use language through listening, speaking, and acquiring new vocabulary

print knowledge

children understand the functions of printed symbols and of printed text and how it relates to meaning

book knowledge

alphabet knowledge

children's knowledge about the letters of the alphabet and their sounds

phonological awareness

the ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters

awareness of sound structure

Reading order for a child to develop literacy skills:

1. orienting the book correctly

2. listening to a story

3. phonological awareness

4. read words

prereading stage 0

pre k

literacy socialization - get used to the idea of reading

decoding stage of reading development 1

grade 1-2

phonological awareness

automaticity stage of reading development 2

grades 2-4

fluent reading

able to comprehend more

reading to learn stage of reading development 3

grades 4-8

more complex comprehension

read faster

reading for ideas stage of reading development 4

grades 8-12

theory of mind

inferencing

critical reading stage of reading development 5

college

synthesis of new knowledge, critical thinking

early literacy socialziation

learning about books and the style of literate language

William syndrome impacts what chromosome

deletion in chromosome 7

William syndrome prevalence

1 in 7500 live births

physical features of Williams syndrome

-facial dysmorphology

-cardiovascular heart disease

-growth deficiency

-connective tissue abnormalities

Behavioral characteristics of Williams syndrome

over friendly

overly social without worry of consequences

anxiety

Cognitive characteristics of Williams syndrome

global DD

mild to moderate ID

Language characteristics of Williams syndrome

speech/language delay

difficulty with relational or conceptual language

ASD prevalence

1:36

palatal fronting

su for shoe

assimilation

making two sounds in a word more alike

daddi for doggy

metathesis

switching of the order of two sounds, each taking the place of the other

epenthesis

adding of a sound in a word

usually uh

coalescence

when two phonemes are substituted with a different phoneme that has similar features

foon for spoon

reduplication

baba for bottle

3 years

cross sectional

look at different groups at a certain time to compare

no variable manipulation, collect the data and go home

longitudinal study

Looks at one group over a long period of time

Semi-longitudinal

•Cross between cross-section and longitudinal

Historical study

archival or library research

Case Study

"simulation to treat this patient" -Barry 2023

Secondary Analysis

the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers

Evaluation Research

research that describes or identifies the impact of social policies and programs

Exploratory Research

want to see IF there is a relationship between two variables

Correlational Research

want to predict an outcome based on changes from a different outcomes

ex: the longer Barry talks the more I yawn

Case-control Studies

compare case subjects to control subjects

Cohort Studies

the study of a group of people who share a common characteristic and move forward in time as a unit

Experimental Research

Designed to find directional, causal relationships between multiple variables.

Randomized Control Trials

The experimental group receives the treatment and control group receives none.

Quasi-experimental

an experimental design that lacks random assignment

Sequential Clinical Trials

as you collect the data you analyze it

Single Subject Designs

ABAB

Survey research

the most popular technique for gathering primary data, in which a researcher interacts with people to obtain facts, opinions, and attitudes

internal validity

independent variable was responsible for any change in the dependent variable

external validity

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

content validity

does each question and item of the questionnaire relates to diagnosing depression

Criterion-related validity

The extent to which the test or measurement tool predicts or correlated with external criteria that are already established

Construct validity

Looking at the general construct of the test, not the subitems

generally speaking, is it measuring what it is supposed to

Intra-rater reliability

Results are consistent with the same person rating the test more than once

inter-rater reliability

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

Test-retest reliability

using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency

reliability

consistency of measurement

validity

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

class 1 malocclusion

jaw is positoned normally but the teeth are not meaning the teeth are malpostioned or rotated, etc.

Class 2 malocclusion

the mandible is too far behind the maxilla

the buccal groove is behind the cusp

common in Pierre Robin sequence

class 2 malocclusion sounds impacted

sounds in the front of the mouth will be hard (sibilants and lingual-alveolar sounds)

class 3 malocclusion

lower jaw is large and/or the upper jaw is small

the buccal groove is ahead of the cusp

common in cleft lip and palates due to post surgical scarring

sounds impacted in class 3 malocclusion

labiodentals

sibilants

lingual alveolar sounds

cleft palate sounds to start with

stimulable

impact on intelligibility

anterior sounds

sounds that do not require movement or planning

voiced stops

muscles involved in hyolaryngeal excursion

suprahyoid

flaccid dysarthria

LMN damage. Results from damage to motor units of cranial or spinal nerves that supply speech muscles

Possible etiology for flaccid dysarthria 6

1. physical trauma

2. cutting a nerve during surgery

3. brainstem stroke

4. tumor in LMN or brainstem

5. Myasthenia Gravis

6. Guillain Barré

Lesion site for flaccid dysarthria

final common pathway - LMN

motor signs for flaccid dysarthria

flaccidity

atrophy of muscles

fasciculations

reduced or absent reflexes

Flaccid dysarthria - pharyngeal branch of CN X (vagus) speech deficits

hypernasality on vowel prolongations

nasal emissions

shortened phrases

weak pressure consonants

flaccid dysarthria - laryngeal branch of vagus nerve speech deficits

continuous breathiness of speech inhalatory stridor

harsh vocal quality

Flaccid dysarthria - CN vagus, facial, and hypoglossal

imprecise consonants

flaccid dysarthria and stress test

cannot last a minute fatigue fast

tongue deviated from left to right

Injury to hypoglossal XII

tongue spastic

UMN involved

chin up

extend their neck during swallowing

widens oropharynx

helps with poor oral transit

increase PES pressure

chin tuck

chin to chest

Chin tuck can reduce the distance between

hyoid and larynx

chin tuck can narrow the

airway

chin tuck may facilitate

airway protection increased lingual pressure

chin tuck pushes the

base of tongue and PPW together

chin tuck increases the

distance between the LPW → makes a weaker pharyngeal contraction

chin tuck is good for those with

weaker airway protection

chin tuck is bad for those with

Pharyngeal weakness

PES dysfunction

Multiple swallow deficits

head rotation/turn

compensatory strategy that diverts bolus to intact side

head rotation/turn reduces contralateral

PES pressure

head rotation/turn helps facilitate

PES opening

head turn / rotation reduces

residue

supraglottic swallow

patient takes a breath and holds it, then swallows, then coughs

Super Supraglottic Swallow (SSGS)

patient breaths, holds breath with extra effort/tension, swallow, cough, swallow

Supraglottic and Super Supraglottic SwallowMay be best suited for patients who demonstrate...

Reduced airway protection from reduced glottal closure - unilateral VF paralysis

Swallowing incoordination

Reduced laryngeal movement

when can Supraglottic and Super Supraglottic Swallow be used for prevention?

reduced aspiration in some cases