Kingdom Plantae

Key concept

Plant life began in the water and became adapted to land

Land plants evolved from

Green algae

Similarities with Plants and Green algae

Both:
are photosynthetic eukaryotes
have the same types of chlorophyll
use starch as a storage product
have cell walls with cellulose

Cuticle

Waxy, waterproof layer on the outside of plants
Allows plants to retain moisture

Stomata

Tiny holes in the cuticle
can open and close
allow air to move in and out of the plant

Vascular system

allows resources to move to different parts of the plant
made of a collection of specialized tissues
brings water and mineral nutrients up from roots
disperses sugars from the leaves
allows plants to grow higher off the ground

Xylum

Transport tissue in vascular plants
transports water from roots to rest of plant
is a one-way flow tissue

Phloem

Transport tissue in vascular plants
Transports organic materials throughout the plant
two-way flow

Cellulose

allows plants to grow upright
hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues
provides stiffness to stems

Pollen grains

allow for reproduction without free-standing water
contain a cell that divides to form sperm
can be carried by wind or animals to female structures

Seed

A storage device for a plant embryo
___coats protect embryos from drying from wind and sunlight
embryo develops when environment is favorable

Adaptations

spines and thorns are a type of ___

Phytotoxins

Defensive chemicals

Gymnosperms

no seeds enclosed in fruits
Has a cone as the reproductive structure

Cone

pollen is produced in male ___
Eggs are produced in female ___
Seeds develop on scales of female ___

Angiosperms

have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit
The flower is the reproductive structure of __
part of the Anthophyta phylum

A fruit

a mature ovary of a flower

Flowers...

Allow for efficient pollination also allows animals to feed on pollen or nectar pollen is spread from plant to plant in process

Fruit...

Allows for efficient seed dispersal
it is flower's ripened ovary
surrounds and protects seed(s)
many forms, each function in seed dispersal

2 groups of flowering plants

Based on seed types
1 or 2 cotyledon

A cotyledon

is an embryonic "seed leaf"

Monocots

Have 1 cotyledon
single seed leaf
leaf veins usually parallel
flower parts usually in multiples of 3
bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem

Dicots

have 2 cotyledons
have 2 seed leaves
leaf veins usually netlike
flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5
bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem

Another classification

Also, can be categorized by stem types and lifespan
stem type can be woody or herbaceous

Wood

fibrous material made up of dead cells
high concentrations of lignin and cellulose
stems are stiff

Herbaceous

do not produce wood