Kingdom Plantae

Key concept

Key concept

Plant life began in the water and became adapted to land

Land plants evolved from

Green algae

Similarities with Plants and Green algae

Both: are photosynthetic eukaryotes have the same types of chlorophyll use starch as a storage product have cell walls with cellulose

Cuticle

Waxy, waterproof layer on the outside of plants Allows plants to retain moisture

Stomata

Tiny holes in the cuticle can open and close allow air to move in and out of the plant

Vascular system

allows resources to move to different parts of the plant made of a collection of specialized tissues brings water and mineral nutrients up from roots disperses sugars from the leaves allows plants to grow higher off the ground

Xylum

Transport tissue in vascular plants transports water from roots to rest of plant is a one-way flow tissue

Phloem

Transport tissue in vascular plants Transports organic materials throughout the plant two-way flow

Cellulose

allows plants to grow upright hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues provides stiffness to stems

Pollen grains

allow for reproduction without free-standing water contain a cell that divides to form sperm can be carried by wind or animals to female structures

Seed

A storage device for a plant embryo ___coats protect embryos from drying from wind and sunlight embryo develops when environment is favorable

Adaptations

spines and thorns are a type of ___

Phytotoxins

Defensive chemicals

Gymnosperms

no seeds enclosed in fruits Has a cone as the reproductive structure

Cone

pollen is produced in male ___ Eggs are produced in female ___ Seeds develop on scales of female ___

Angiosperms

have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit The flower is the reproductive structure of __ part of the Anthophyta phylum

A fruit

a mature ovary of a flower

Flowers...

Allow for efficient pollination also allows animals to feed on pollen or nectar pollen is spread from plant to plant in process

Fruit...

Allows for efficient seed dispersal it is flower's ripened ovary surrounds and protects seed(s) many forms, each function in seed dispersal

2 groups of flowering plants

Based on seed types 1 or 2 cotyledon

A cotyledon

is an embryonic "seed leaf"

Monocots

Have 1 cotyledon single seed leaf leaf veins usually parallel flower parts usually in multiples of 3 bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem

Dicots

have 2 cotyledons have 2 seed leaves leaf veins usually netlike flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5 bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem

Another classification

Also, can be categorized by stem types and lifespan stem type can be woody or herbaceous

Wood

fibrous material made up of dead cells high concentrations of lignin and cellulose stems are stiff

Herbaceous

do not produce wood