APHUG U2: Vocab #1

For Mrs. Yi's Class

Agricultural Revolution

The name given to a number of cultural transformations that initially allowed humans to change from a hunting and gathering subsistence to one of agriculture and animal domestications.

Agricultural Density

Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land. This value gives an indication of the efficiency of the region’s farmers.

Arithmetic Density

calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area

Census

A count of the population, every 10 years, to ensure the national congressional districts have approximately the same number of people.

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births per year for each 1000 people

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per year for each 1000 people

Demographic transition Model

 a tool demographers use to categorize countries population growth rates and economic structures.

Demography

The study of population characteristics.

Dependency Ratio

The comprison between the size of these two groups.

Dependent Population

People under 15 or over 64 years old

Doubling Time

The amount of time it takes for a population of a region to double

Ecumene

The permanently inhabited portion of the earth’s surface/ habitable areas of the world

Epidemiologic Transition

Describes changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death.

Epidemiology

A field of study that looks at patterns of health and disease within a population

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid development of industry that started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of children who die before their first birthday.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years people live

Malthusian theory

Malthus’s ideas about population growth.

Midlatitudes

The regions of the world between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator.

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Natural Increase Rate

A statistic used to measure the growth of population in a region, exclusive of immigration and emigration.

Neo-Malthusians

People who believe that the population of the world is growing too quickly for the scale of agricultural production to keep up.

Overpopulation

Having more people than a region can support-is partially dependent on its population distribution and density.

Pandemic

A disease that is widespread, even global in nature, and threatens all people regardless of where they live.

Physiological Density

Calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land, or land suitable for growing crops.

Population Pyramid

Shows the age and sex demographics of a particular country, city, or neighborhood.

Potential Workforce

People who are ages 15-64 years old

Redistricting

The process which state legislatures or state committees redraw district boundaries so that each district contain roughly the same number of people.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per one hundred females in the population.

Social Stratification

The hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic statues, power, and/or ethnicity.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country, assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years.

Zero Population Growth

Occurs when birth and death rates are equal.

Thomas Malthus

British reverend who concluded that population was growing at a faster rate than productivity in the late 1700s; coined the term overpopulation.

E.G. Ravenstein

Published Ernst Ravenstein's Laws of Migration in 1885 which includes a theory highlighting the inverse relationship between the distance and volume of migration between a source and destination. Ravenstein's work still forms the basis of modern human migration theory.

Ester Boserup

A famous agricultural geographer. Her/his theory is based on the premise that population growth is a positive force in agricultural innovation, that it drives technology forward. According to Him/Her as a society develops and progresses it uses its agricultural land more and more efficiently.

Aging Population

Population aging is an increasing median age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and /or rising life expectancy.

Anti Natalist policies

Is a scheme or law that a government may adopt of in order to control their population growth. … An example of it, which encourages families to have fewer children, is the famous ‘one-child policy’ in China, introduced in 1978-1980.

Arithmetic Growth

Refers to the situation where a population increases by a constant number of persons(or other objects) in each period being analyzed.

Carrying Capacity

The largest number of people that the environment of a region can support.

Contraception

The deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse.

Demographic Accounting Equation

An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration.

Demographic Momentum

Is the tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.

Endemic

(Of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area

Epidemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Exponential Growth

Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of people is added to a population each year. Exponential growth is compound because the fixed growth rate applies to an ever-increasing population

Family Planning services

Defined as “Educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved“

Matriarchal

Relating to or denoting a form of social organization in which a woman is the head.

Mortality

Death, especially on a large scale.

Patriarchal

Relating to or denoting a form of social organization in which a man is the head.

Pro Natalist Policies

In public policy typically seeks to create financial and social incentives for populations to reproduce, such as providing tax incentives that reward having and supporting children.

Cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

Baby Boomer

The cohort of individuals born in the USA between 1946-1964, just after WWII in a time of relative peace and prosperity.

Baby Bust

Period of time during the 1960’s and 1970s when the fertility rates in the USA dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life.

Generation X

Term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to describe people born in the USA between 1964 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will have to support the baby=boom cohort as they head into their retirement years.

Millennials

Also known as Generation Y, is the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media use early 1980 as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000’s as the ending birth years

Generation Z

is the demographic cohort after the Millennials Demographers and researchers typically use the mid-1990s to early 2000’s as starting birth years. There is little consensus regarding ending birth years. Most of this cohort have used the Internet since a young age are comfortable with technology and social media