CNS (Review)

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

1. prosencephalon ➝ forebrain

2. mesencephalon ➝ midbrain

3. rhombencephalon ➝ hindbrain

What does the prosencephalon become?

cerebrum

What does the mesencephalon become?

midbrain

What does the rhombencephalon become?

continuous w/ spinal cord

What are the 3 parts of brain stem

1. medulla oblongata

2. pons

3. midbrain

Where is brainstem located

btw spinal cord and diencephalon

Where is the medulla oblongata located relative to the brainstem and spinal cord?

it’s most inferior part of the brainstem and is continuous w/ superior part of the spinal cord

What 2 vital centers are located in the medulla oblongata?

1. Cardiovascular center

2. Respiratory center

What does the cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata control?

rate and force of the heartbeat, and the diameter of blood vessels

What does the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata control?

basic rhythm of breathing.

Which specific structure controls the non-vital reflex centers for vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and hiccuping?

medulla oblongata

What structure coordinates movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual or auditory stimuli (like turning your head toward a loud noise)?

midbrain

What term describes a lack of muscle coordination resulting from damage to the cerebellum?

ataxia

Where is the cerebellum located within the cranial cavity?

inferior and posterior aspects

What structure controls many activities of the autonomic nervous system?

hypothalamus

What gland produces melatonin, and what part of the brain is it located in?

pineal gland located in epithalamus part of diencephalon

What are the gyri of the cerebrum?

folds of cerebral cortex

What structure is known as the "seat of intelligence"?

cerebrum

What are the sulci of the cerebrum?

deep grooves btw folds

What deep groove separates the cerebrum into right and left halves (cerebral hemispheres)?

longitudinal fissure

What structure internally connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

corpus callosum

Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for receiving and integrating visual input?

occipital lobe

What system is known as the "emotional brain" because it governs emotional aspects of behavior and memory?

limbic sys

Which layer of the meninges is the tough, superficial, outermost layer?

dura mater

Which layer of the meninges is the innermost layer and contains blood vessels?

pia mater

Which extension of the dura mater separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres (by dipping into the longitudinal fissure)?

falx cerebri

What extension of the dura mater separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

falx cerebri

Which extension of the dura mater separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres?

falx cerebelli

Which extension of the dura mater separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

tentorium cerebelli

What fluid surrounds both the brain and spinal cord, letting the brain float so it doesn't hit the hard walls of the cranium?

cerebrospinal fluid

When CSF absorbs shock to keep the brain from hitting the cranium, what type of protection is this called?

mechanical protection

What three substances pass easily through the blood-brain barrier?

oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide

What three things do not cross easily, causing a big clinical problem?

chemotherapy agents, proteins and most antibiotics

Which brain injury is often associated with the frontal lobe?

concussion

Which brain injury involves bruising and damage to microscopic blood vessels?

contusion

Which brain injury involves an actual physical tear of brain tissue and gross bleeding (like from a gunshot wound or skull fracture)?

laceration

What is the olfactory (I) nerve?

sensory for smell

what is optic (II) nerve?

sensory for vision

What is the oculomotor (III) nerve?

motor nerve tht moves eyeball and upper eyelid

A patient has an issue aligning both eye, which cranial nerve is likely affected?

oculomotor (III) nerve

a patient has drooping of the upper eyelid, which cranial nerve is likely affected?

oculomotor nerve (III)

What is trochlear (IV) nerve?

controls movement of the eyeball

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular

What is